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1) Geographical position, area, and administrative-territorial composition of the district. Population, labor force: dynamics, the absolute magnitude, determinants of quantitative and qualitative side, the problem of the resettlement and employment of human resources in a market economy. Natural-resource potential of the area. The extent to which the districts own mineral resources. The problems of fuel and energy base and the main directions of their solutions. Place area in the territorial division of labor RF.
2) Branches of industry specialization area. Stages of formation of industrial district. Structural changes in the development and deployment of industries. Intra, intra-and inter-regional ties. The main industrial centers, and their brief description. Problems of placement of industries and ecology. Agriculture District. The following branches of crops and livestock. Peculiarities of placement of the area. The main centers of processing industries of agroindustrial complex. Transport, its region-role. The main transport nodes. Challenges and prospects of development of productive forces of the region.
Composition Republic: Bashkortostan, Udmurtia. Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm (including Komi-Perm Autonomous Region), Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk region.
Economic-geographical situation Ural region is located between the old industrial areas of the European part of Russia, Siberia and Kazakhstan - at the crossroads of European and Asian parts of Russia. This "neighbor" situation can be assessed as favorable for the functioning and development of its economic complex. The district's area owing to its internal situation between the western and eastern economic zones with different level of economic development and different specialization, provides transit links between them.
The initial period of industrial development district referring back to the beginning of the eighteenth century, when its economic and geographical situation was not favorable. In subsequent years, it has improved thanks to the development of transport and construction of new roads.
In the Ural region are highways that cross the entire territory of Russia from the western border to the Pacific Ocean. From the East region receives raw materials and fuel, and manufactured goods - with the West, and also exports its products to all Economic Region of Russia.
Natural conditions and resources of the Ural mountains - the axis of the district, they are elongated in the meridional direction. In the West it is adjoined to the outskirts of the East European Plain(Urals), the East-West Siberian Plain (Trans-Urals). Folded mountains of the Urals arose in the Paleozoic, they were later washed out, destroyed and leveled.
Altitudes of the Middle Urals are 600-800 meters. In the northern part of the Urals is its highest point - Mount Folk (1894 meters). Variety of relief Urals deeply incised river valleys. Main River Area - Kama - left, the most abundant inflow of the Volga.
The climate of different parts of the Ural region is uneven and varies in direction from North to South and from West to East. The climate of the foothills has much in common with the climate of the surrounding valleys. The differences of air temperatures in north and south of the Ural region is particularly noticeable in the summer, also great differences in natural conditions between highland and lowland areas.
Forests cover the Ural Mountains almost throughout. Forest zone in the north area (there is industrial development of wood) is replaced by a zone of forest-steppe and steppe in the south Ural region. There fertile land.
Ural - "Treasures of minerals. Deposits of iron, copper and other ores are confined to the magmatic rocks of the eastern slope of the mountains. Besides, there are deposits of asbestos, marble, talc, gems. There are reserves of iron ore, which still contains chromium, titanium, vanadium. More than a hundred years are iron ore and Mount Grace High. Their resources are nearly exhausted. 2 / 3 of iron ore reserves contain Kachkanar field. In the Urals extract copper, nickel, manganese, bauxite. Especially valuable are the complex ores, which still contains chromium, titanium, vanadium. Copper ores containing zinc, gold, silver.
In the basin at the western slope of the Ural Mountains are concentrated minerals of sedimentary origin - Petroleum (Bashkortostan, Perm region), natural gas (Orenburg region), coal, potash and salt (Perm region).
Population The population of the Ural region - 20,3 million people. (Second only to Central). Average density - 25 persons / km 2. Posted population is uneven: the minimum density indicated in the Komi-Permyak Autonomous District - 5 people / km 2, the maximum - in the industrial areas of the Middle Urals. By the number of residents allocated Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm Oblast and Bashkortostan (in these regions account for 76% of the population of the Urals).
Ethnic composition of the region's population is heterogeneous. Prevail Russian; Ukrainian, but the Bashkir and Udmurt form a significant population group in their republics (although in Bashkortostan Russian - 39%, Tatars - 28%, Bashkir - 22%). In Russian North-West live Komi and Komi-Permyak. The result of rapid economic development of the Urals - high urbanization rate - 75%. Particularly high rate of urbanization observed in Sverdlovsk (87%) and Chelyabinsk regions (81%). Largest cities "millionaires" of the Ural economic region: Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Perm.
Facilities management industry in the region is diverse mining, metallurgy (ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy), machinery, chemicals and forest industry.
Earlier production cycles of all industries to manage their own raw materials, it is now additionally imported from other areas.
The peculiarity of the Urals industry-linkages of different industries. Ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, raw materials, which gives the mining industry, create the basis for engineering. A mechanical engineering, in turn, provides equipment mining, chemical and metallurgical industries. On the waste of metallurgical production originally developed chemical.
First in importance and the oldest branches of specialization is the iron and steel, which originated in the Urals in the late XVII century. This is the largest iron and steel base of Russia. Now she is represented Magnitogorsk (Chelyabinsk region) and Nizhny Tagil (Sverdlovsk region) plants, Chelyabinsk and Orsk-Khalilovsk (city Novotroick, Orenburg region). In addition to these giants in the Urals, and operate small-power plants. Metallurgical enterprises use local iron ore and imported (mainly from Sokolov-Sarbai Field Kustanai region of Kazakhstan and partly Kursk Magnetic Anomaly), and coking coal imported from the Kuznetsk and Karaganda (Kazakhstan) basins.
In the composition of the steel industry occupy a prominent place tube industry: Pervouralsk (Sverdlovsk region) and Chelyabinsk, the production of ferroalloys: Chelyabinsk and Serov (Sverdlovsk region).
Non-ferrous metallurgy district has all-Russia significance. The copper - originally produced in the Urals. Simultaneously, in the process of production, use and other components of the ore (including sulfur - raw materials for chemical industry). The largest plants are located in cities Krasnouralsk, Revda, Upper Puishma (all - Sverdlovsk region) and Kyshtym (Chelyabinsk region). Obtained as a rough and refined copper. In the Ural factories and smelt nickel: Orsk (Orenburg region), dir (Sverdlovsk region), zinc - Chelyabinsk, aluminum: heaters-Ural, Krasnotur'insk (both - Sverdlovsk region), as well as magnesium and titanium.
Petroleum industry (oil refinery in Ufa, Salavat (Bashkortostan), and Perm), serves as the basis for the chemistry of polymers (Perm region, Bashkortostan). In Orenburg, on the basis of local condensate field is created Gas Chemical Complex.
Chemical industry. In addition to the wastes of ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, the industry uses the local mineral raw materials (oil, gas, potash salt). In Berezniki (Perm region) at the chemical plants producing soda, potash and nitrogen fertilizers, Solikamsk (Perm Region) - potassium. Phosphate fertilizer to produce Perm and Krasnouralsk.
As the number of machine industries and sub Ural not inferior to the Central area. material-engineering of the Urals specializes in the production of equipment for all industries. One of the nation's largest native plant Uralmash Ekaterinburg produces blooming mills, presses, drilling rigs, walking excavators, various machines. There are plants in Chelyabinsk, Orsk, Perm. Transport engineering is presented in Nizhny Tagil and Ust-Katava (Chelyabinsk oblast) (Carriage Works), in Miass (Chelyabinsk region) and Izhevsk (car manufacturers). Laborious engineering (machine tools and instrument) is concentrated in the cities of Yekaterinburg, Perm, Chelyabinsk. In the area of development of agricultural machinery (Barrow) and tractors (Chelyabinsk).
Timber industry in the past provided metallurgical charcoal. Currently, the North district, a modern wood processing industry. PPM is in Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm, Krasnovishersk (Perm Region).
Fuel and energy complex. Of great importance for the Urals oil industry has created in Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, Perm and Orenburg region and. Widely known Tujmazinskij, Ishimbay, Arlanskie Bashkortostan's oil fields that provide most of the oil produced in the Urals. Almost all of the extracted oil is processed by local refineries. Major gas field in the Orenburg region supplying raw materials togas-processing complex. Orenburg gas mains "Union" comes to the Center and then in the countries of Europe. The coal industry has a purely local significance. Mined: brown coal in the Sverdlovsk (Karpinsky) and the Chelyabinsk (Kopeysk and Korkino) areas, as well as coal in the Perm region (Kizelovskaya pool). However, the available energy and the area lack a large amount of fuel delivered to the
Urals (mostly from Western Siberia and Kazakhstan).
In the production of electricity Urals ranks second in Russia after the central areas. Most of the electricity produced at teploelektro stations. The largest of them are Reftinskaya (Sverdlovsk region), Trinity (Chelyabinsk region) and Iriklinskaya (Orenburg region). Their shares in electricity production contribute Kama (Perm) and Votkinskaya hydroelectric (Tchaikovsky, Perm region) on the Kama River. ValidBeloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant (Sverdlovsk region).
Agriculture. Terms of reference for farming are not the same in the northern, central and southern parts of the Urals, which depends on climatic conditions and topography areas. On the plains in Kama cultivated winter rye, oats, flax. In the southern forest-steppe and steppe zones of wheat and sunflower in Bashkortostan - sugar beet, and in the Orenburg region - watermelons. Agricultural southern Urals has grain and animal husbandry. Breed cattle, sheep and famous Orenburg goats. In Bashkortostan development of beekeeping.
Transport area is extremely important, given the transit situation in the Urals. The district's area is covered with a dense network of railways and roads, power lines and pipelines. Internal and inter-regional transport to a greater extent carried out by railway Railroad, located in the meridional direction are inter-district communication, and in latitude - provide a connection to the Urals region of Russia and neighboring countries, "the near abroad." Of particular importance are the roads passing through Chelyabinsk and Yekaterinburg.
Kama River crosses the territory only in the North-West and serves the transportation of timber cargo. Gas from Orenburg transported by pipeline "Union" in Samara Sterlitamak (Bashkortostan), Zainsk (Tatarstan), Novopskov (eastern Ukraine), Uzhhorod (West Ukraine) in Europe. The pipeline from Orenburg to the western border of the former Soviet Union - 2750 km. Through the Urals are all the pipelines from Western Siberia.