 |
|
 |
[РУС]
[ENG
[GER]
[ESP]
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
1) Geographical position, area, and administrative-territorial composition of the district. The number and national composition of the population. Features of reproduction and distribution of population andlabor resources in the area. Problems of rational use of manpower resources during the transition to a market economy. The natural conditions in the resources area, their economic evaluation, the degree of influence of 2) specialization in the field of industry and agriculture. Place area in the territorial division of labor, RF. Leading industry and geography of the area. Evaluation of structural changes in industries. Expertise in the area of agriculture. The geography of basic crops. The impact of climatic conditions on the formation of mineral water resort areas of the North Caucasus. Resorts and specificity of development and deployment of non-production infrastructure. The main transport routes, their role in the intra-and inter-regional ties.
Composition of the Republic: Adygea (capital - Maikop), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Nazran '), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nalchik), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz) and Chechnya (Grozny). Krasnodar and Stavropol. Rostov Region.
Economic Geographical Location Area - 355 thousand km 2. The area is south of the East European Plain, Ante and the northern slopes of Great Caucasus. Situated between the Black and Azov seas in the W. and the Caspian on a. In the north-western borders with Ukraine, in the north and north-east with the Central Black Earth area and Volga region. In the south of the border with Georgia and Azerbaijan is almost everywhere in the Caucasus Mountains. There is an access to three seas. In this region Russia has relations with the states of South Caucasus (Transcaucasia). Natural conditions are favorable for the populations and the development of agriculture. There are a variety of minerals. In Russia the share of the region accounts for 8% in industry and 16% - in agriculture.
Natural conditions and resources of natural landscapes of the North Caucasus are diverse. Variety of natural conditions due to geographical location and characteristics of relief, which in turn affects the resettlement of people and their economic activities. The highest point of Russia - Mount Elbrus (Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria).
In natural conditions of the area is divided into three zones: the plains, foothills and mountains. Plains (steppe) -- occupies most of the territory and extends from the Don River to the valleys of the rivers Kuban and Terek. piedmont zone is located to the south and extends a small strip from the north-west to south-east. Foothills gradually transformed into a system of mountain ridges of the Caucasus (mountain side).
The area has fertile lands (plains) and natural pastures (in the foothills). The mountain rivers have a large hydropower potential, and lowland rivers of water used for irrigation. The main drawback of natural conditions - irregular supply of water resources. Better off moisture western part, especially the Black Sea coast and mountain slopes. North-east and east region - waterless, dry. The role of the district as a major recreational zone of Russia (Black Sea coast and the resorts of Caucasian mineral springs, camp sites in the mountains of the Caucasus).
Foothills of the Greater Caucasus - storage of chemical, metallurgical, building materials, energy resources (including fuel - oil and gas). Natural gas is available in the Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, oil - in the Chechen Republic and Adygea. Ores, ferrous and rare metals (zinc, lead, tungsten, molybdenum) are mined in the mountain republics (North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria), coal - in the Rostov region (Russia's part of the eastern Donbass).
The population of the North Caucasus economic region is 17.7 million, a 3 place in Russia. Growth of us. significantly higher than Russia's medium (high natural increase). The area has abundant labor resources. Hosted population is very uneven, even though the average density - 47 persons / km 2 significantly. Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region concentrated within its borders nearly 3 / 5 of the district. The highest levels of population density observed in the foothills, in areas of intensive agriculture of the Krasnodar Territory and in the industrial districts of the Rostov region. And in the north-east arid regions of Stavropol, Dagestan and Rostov region . us. very small .
National composition of the population is exceptionally variegated - there are dozens of nationalities and ethnic groups (the indigenous people not only belong to different linguistic groups, but also to different linguistic families). Among them, the number of allocated group of Ossetians, Kabardins, Chechens and others who live mostly within their republics. Mostly in the area, however, the Russian population, even in the mountainous Caucasus republics share of Russian population ranges from 9% in Dagestan 65% Adygea.
The population of North Caucasus republics by 300 thousand persons in Ingushetia to 2.1 million people. Dagestan. The North Caucasus is not a highly urbanized region. The urban population is below the middle of Russia (56%). In the Republic of Dagestan, Ingushetia, Karachay-Cherkessia and Chechnya predominantly rural population (about 60%).
The economy of the Northern Caucasus, a highly distinguished and diversified farming of industries - engineering, fuel and food. Among the other branches of the prominent role of non-ferrous metallurgy and building materials industries.
Fuel and energy complex. Branches of this complex serve as the basic industries. North Caucasus, ensuring their needs for fuel supplied earlier coal, oil and gas in other parts of the country. The first hole of a given oil in the western Ante back in 1860, later began to develop fields in the district of Grozny, and only in 1950 started production of oil and gas in the Stavropol region. However, the depletion of gas reserves, its production has declined several times and became a purely local significance. A military action in Chechnya and the volatile political situation in the region have exacerbated the situation with the production and transport of Grozny oil. Oil and gas industry are presented in Krasnodar (refinery), Mike, Grozny (refinery), Tuapse (refinery).
Fuel resources is also rich in Rostov region (eastern Donbass) - anthracite and coking coal. This development took coal and metallurgical industries, transportation engineering.
Important power facilities district. Transmission lines connect the power grid of the North Caucasus with the grid of neighboring regions of Russia. The vast majority of powerful thermal power plants generate electricity using coal, fuel oil and natural gas. Used and hydropower potential of the region. Several hydroelectric plants built on the mountain rivers - Terek, Perch, etc. The largest of them -- Chirkey hydroelectric power plant on Perch River in Dagestan.
The leading industry expertise - engineering. Especially the development of agricultural engineering (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Millerovo, Novocherkassk, Kropotkin, Krasnodar), as has its own metallurgist. base (Rostov region), development of agricultural and there are convenient ways of transportation.
An important place is the production of equipment for petroleum and food industries, as well as the production of electric (Novocherkassk). Power engineering industry is represented in Taganrog (steam boilers) and Volgodonsk, (Equipment for NPP). Largest industrial center in the North Caucasus - Rostov-on-Don.
Area produces nitrogen fertilizer from natural gas (Nevinnomyssk, Belorechensk), chemicals, synthetic materials, plastics (Budenovok)
Color metallurgy is represented in North Ossetia (Salon), Kabardino-Balkaria (Tyrnyauz).
Food industry provides the raw material is fully developed agricultural area. Run enterprise for the production of flour, cereals, meat products, canned fruits and vegetables, wines.
Agriculture - the largest agricultural base of the country. On the plains of fertile soil: chernozem and alluvial - here focused large tracts of arable land. Grain (wheat, maize, rice) and technological (sugar beet, tobacco, sunflower, etc.) culture. The area is famous for vegetable, fruit and wine growing. In the Krasnodar Territory grown tea (this is the most northern area of growing tea in the world).
Livestock, as well as farming, diversified. In the plain areas involved in breeding cattle and pigs. Merino sheep common in dry areas of the Rostov region, Stavropol Krai and Dagestan, and coarse-wooled sheep - in the foothills of the Caucasus mountain republics.
Transportation. To serve domestic and inter-linkages the area has a dense network of railway and highways, pipelines, river and sea routes. In the foothills and mountainous areas there is a danger for the movement of transport on the roads due to snow avalanches (in winter) and ridge -stone flows - debris flows (during the rainy season).
On-Samara pipeline Tikhoretsk-Novorossiysk oil from the Volga region and Western Siberia is fed to the Black Sea ports. Marine transportation is carried out through the ports of Novorossiysk, Tuapse, Taganrog, Makhachkala. Planned to build a new port on the Azov Sea. At present, the value increases the area of transport routes - through him, Russia liaises with the South Caucasus (Transcaucasia).