Theme 3.7 Economic and geographic characteristics of the Volga economic region

1) Geographical position, area, and administrative-territorial composition of the district. Natural resource potential and its impact on the specialization of industries and agricultural district. Population and its structure. Regional features of population reproduction. Human Resources area, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. the Place of the area in the territorial division of labor, RF.

2) Specialty industrial district. The forms of territorial organization of industry. List of major territorial production complexes and industrial units, a brief description. The leading role of the oil, chemical and gas industry. Fuel and energy and engineering complex area, stages of development. The main centers of the leading sectors of specialization. Industry and ecology. Agro Industrial Complex area, specialization of its leading industries. Features of distribution of branches plant in the area. Agricultural processing industries, and their disposition. Problems of development and distribution of branches of agriculture. Determinants of their decision. Transportation District, its region-role. Major hubs. 3) Economic-geographic characteristics of the Samara region.

Composition of the Republic.: Tatarstan (Kazan) and Kalmykia (Elista). Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov and Ulyanovsk regions.

Economic-geographical situation of the Volga region stretches almost 1,5 thousand km along the Volga River from its confluence with the left tributary of the Kama River to the Caspian Sea. Territory .- 536 thousand km 2. Economic-geographical situation of the area extremely profitable. Volga region bordered by the highly-even long-Vyatka, Central Black Soil, Urals and North Caucasus Economic Region of Russia, and also with Kazakhstan. A dense network of transport routes (rail and road) contributes to the establishment of broad inter-industry linkages of the Volga region. Volga Kama River path provides access to the Caspian sea (lake), and the channels - to the seas of the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. The presence of rich deposits of oil and gas, the use of pipelines passing through the area (and starting it, for example, the Druzhba oil pipeline "), Also confirms the advantage Economic-geographical area.

Natural conditions and resources of the Volga region has favorable natural conditions for the population's living and farming. Climate - moderate continental. The area is rich in land (arable land is about 1 / 5 Russian) and water resources. However, in the lower Volga region stricken by drought, accompanied by disastrous for crops dry winds.

Relief of the area is diverse. Western (right bank of the Volga) - elevated, undulating (Volga upland passes in the low mountains). Eastern part (left bank) - slightly hilly plain. Natural-climatic conditions, terrain and the greater length of the area in the meridional direction determine the diversity of soils and vegetation. Nature is diverse. In the latitudinal direction from north to south, successively replace each other natural areas - forest, forest-steppe, steppe (a large part of the territory of the Volga region), semi-desert. At the border of the forest and forest-steppe is Kazan, forest-steppe and steppe - Samara, steppe and semi - Volgograd.

The area is rich in minerals. Extracted oil, gas, sulfur, sodium chloride, raw materials for the building materials industry. Until the discovery of oil in Western Siberia, Volga region belonged to the first place in the reserves and oil production in the country. At present, the area's second-largest of this kind of raw material after the Western Siberia. The main oil resources are located in Tatarstan and Samara region, and gas - in Astrakhan, Saratov and Volgograd regions.

Population The population of the Volga region - 16,9 million, District has considerable manpower resources. The average population density - 30 persons / km 2, but placed it unevenly. More than half of us.accounted for Samara, Saratov region. and Tatarstan. In Samara region. population density is highest - 62 / km 2, and in Kalmykia - minimum 4 persons / km 2.

The national structure of the population is dominated by Russian. Live in compact Tatars and Kalmyks. Significant portion of the Chuvash and Mordovians among residents of the area. Population Tatarstan is 3.7 million people (among them Russian - more 40%). In Kalmykia, home to about 320 thousand people (the share of Russian - 38%).

Volga region - the area urbanized. In urban areas live 73% of all residents. The bulk of the urban population is concentrated in regional centers, the national capitals of the Republics and the major industrial cities (Togliatti, Naberezhnye Chelny, Volga). Among them are the city of millionaires Samara, Kazan, Volgograd.
Service. In terms of development of some industries area not much inferior highly industrialized areas, such as the Central and Urals, and in some cases even exceed them. This is one of the leading areas of oil extraction, oil refining and petrochemical industries. Volga - the largest multi-area farming. The share of the district have 20% of the gross grain harvest RF. Volga region is more active in foreign economic relations of Russia. The main industries Volga region - oil and petroleum., Gas and chemicals. As well as electric power, complex engineering and construction materials industry.

TEK. Rn fully provided their own fuel resources (oil and gas). Power District has a value all-Russia (more than 10% of power RF), which supplies and other parts of Russia. The basis of the energy hozyaystvava up hydroelectric station of the Volga-Kama cascade: Nizhnekamsk (Naberezhnye Chelny), Samara (Zhigulevsk), Saratov (Balakovo), Volgograd (Volga) . Cost of energy generated at these hydroelectric stations, the lowest in the European part of Russia. At the local raw materials (fuel oil and gas) are working multiple teploelektro stations located in cities where the development of refining and petrochemical industry (large consumers of heat and electricity). The total electricity production share teploelektro station is approximately 3 / 5. Largest teploelektro station area is Zainskaya urban power plant in Tatarstan, running on gas. There also Balakovo nuclear power plant (Saratov region)..

Creating an oil base in the Volga region is much improved the supply of oil central and eastern regions of the country. Advantageous transport-geographical position of the area led to the emergence of a whole system of trunk pipelines going in the west and east, many of which are now of international importance. Formation in West Siberia, the new oil industry changed the orientation of the main flow of oil.Now piping Volga "turned" completely on the west.

Refinery region ( Nizhnekamsk, Samara, Novokuibyshevsk, Syzran, Volgograd, and others) are processed not only for its oil, and oil in Western Siberia. Refineries and petrochemical industry are closely linked. Along with the natural extract and process the associated gas that is used in the chemical industry.
Chemical. Represented the mining industry Volga chemical (extraction of salt), chemistry, organic synthesis, production of polymers. Major points: Nizhnekamsk, Samara, Kazan, Syzran, Saratov, Volga, Togliatti. In industrial sites Samara-Togliatti, Saratov, Engels, Volgograd Volga formed energy and petrochemical production cycles. They are close together geographically power generation, petroleum products, alcohols, synthetic rubber, plastics.

Energy development, oil and chemical industry accelerated the development of engineering Volga. Development of transport links, availability of skilled personnel, proximity to the central area have necessitated the establishment of instrument-and machine-tool plants (Penza, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Volga, Kazan). Aircraft represented in Samara, Saratov, Kazan, and Ulyanovsk. In Volgograd operates the country's largest tractor factory. But the most distinguished in the Volga automobile. The most famous are the plants Togliatti ( "Lada"), Ulyanovsk ( "UAZ"), Naberezhnye Chelny (trucks KAMAZ "), Engels (trolley).

Stores the value of food. industry, which meets the needs of a developed agriculture. Moreover Caspian Sea and the mouth of the Volga - is the most important domestic fishing pool Russia. However, it should be noted that with the development of petrochemical, chemical and construction of large engineering plants ecological condition of the Volga River has deteriorated sharply.

Agriculture. The district, located in a forest and semi-natural areas, the leading role in agriculture, livestock owned. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones - both crops (especially grain farming). Regions of the Middle Volga region have the highest plow territory (50%). Grain area is located approximately from latitude to latitude Volgograd, Kazan (cultivated rye, winter and spring wheat). Plantings are widespread technological cultures, such as mustard crops are 90% of the crop of this culture in Russia. Here, the development of livestock meat and dairy. To the south of Volgograd are sheep farms. In between the Volga and Akhtuba rivers (downstream) grow vegetables and melons, as well as Fig.

Transportation. Transport network region form the Volga and its intersecting road and railway, as well as a network of pipelines and electric transmission lines. Volga-Don canal links the waters largest rivers in European Russia - the Volga and the Don (access to the Sea of Azov).
Oil and gas pipeline coming area in Central District and in the country "near" and "far" abroad. The international importance is the system of oil pipelines "Druzhba" - from Almetyevsk through Samara in Poland, Germany, Hungary and Slovakia, with a branch in Lithuania and Latvia.
Branch structure and main indicators of production for 1998..

Samara region (see Uchaikin, Lopukhov. Geography of Samara Oblast, a manual for the 8-9 grades, Samara, 1996, 100 pages) - The largest by population (after the Republic of Tatarstan) and the economic potential of the Volga region, occupies 1 / 10 part of the area of the Volga region, and the largest population density. Territory area, divided into 27 districts and includes 11 cities, 24 settlements. In the area are oil, oil shale, sulfur, and mineral waters. Industrial production (especially engineering) serves the military-industrial complex. It produces planes and space equipment, engines, machines, electrical equipment, equipment for chemical, petroleum, food and light industry. In the development of refining, ferrous and non ferrous metallurgy, gas processing industry, construction metals.
Agricultural specializes in the cultivation of grain, industrial crops, horticulture. Is widely cultivated potatoes, vegetables. Well developed livestock breeding (cattle dairy beef, pig, sheep, poultry, beekeeping).Industry of Samara Region are grouped in industrial sites: Tolyatti - Zhigulevsky, October, Syzran, forming the largest in the European part of Russia Samara industrial agglomeration.

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