Theme 3.12 Economic and geographic characteristics of the Far Eastern Economic Region

1) Geographical position, area, and administrative-territorial composition of the district. Natural-resource potential of the region: economic evaluation of natural environment and natural resources of the Far East and their impact on the areas of industry and agriculture. Fuel and energy complex area. Geography of energy resources. The population, its structure, settling on the territory of the district, especially the resettlement. Manpower, quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The factors that determine their absolute magnitude. The main areas of management in the labor market. Place area in the territorial division of labor, RF.

2) Sectors of specialization and their importance in the area's economy, the geography of the leading industries. The forms of territorial organization of industry, inter-territorial-industrial complex, their specialization, a brief description. Agriculture District. Climatic characteristics of the area, their effect on specialization in crop and livestock. List of branches of specialization, geographical location producing and processing industries Agriculture. Intra-and inter-regional context of the Far East. Transport system area and its region-value. Types of transport characteristic of the area. The special role of maritime transport in the area's economy. The development and deployment of productive forces. The main areas of development in the future.

Состав Республика Саха (Якутия). Composition of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Приморский и Хабаровский края. Амурская, Камчатская (в том числе Корякский автономный округ), Магаданская, Сахалинская область, Еврейская автономная область, Чукотский автономный округ. Primorye and Khabarovsk Krai. Amur, Kamchatka (including the Koryak Autonomous District), Magadan, Sakhalin Oblast, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous District.

Economic-geographical situation of the Far East - the extreme eastern region of Russia, lapped by the waters of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Here Russia has sea borders with the United States and Japan. In mainland to the Far East are islands: Siberian, Wrangel Island, Sakhalin, the Kuril and Commander. Southern mainland, bordering the Sea of Japan, called the Primorye.

Economically, the region has mastered weaker than other parts of Russia because of its distance from the central and most populated areas, and because of the severe climatic conditions. Large distances complicate the development of economy. ties with the Center and increasing the cost price of products in its delivery of the other economic areas. Trans-Siberian link is provided mainly by Trans-Siberian Railway and Highway Baikal-Amur Railway (only in the south district).
Primorsk position of the Far East makes prospects for the development of economy. relations with the countries of the Pacific.

Natural conditions and resources of the Northern part of the vast territory and the largest in Russia on the area of the Far East (6.2 million km 2) located in the Arctic zone and the southern coastal part, on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin Island (where a noticeable influence of the Pacific Ocean) - Climate moderate Monsoon. The climate is the same in most of the sharply continental, severe. Winter is characterized windless, clear, frosty weather (Siberian anticyclone). Summer - hot and dry, but short. In Verkhoyansk and Oimyakon (Yakutia), we observed the lowest in the Northern Hemisphere temperature (minus 72 deg.).

Natural areas are replaced with a north to south - the zone of arctic desert, tundra, forest tundra, and taiga. In the mountains pronounced high-altitude zone. In the middle reaches of the Amur River is the forest-steppe with fertile prairie soils. The central part of Yakutia occupied plain, which merges into a vast strip of lowlands along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The rest of the Far East, predominantly mountainous - dominated by the mountains of medium height (mountain ranges: The police, Range, Verkhoyanskiy etc. .). Together with the depressions of the marginal seas terrain east. Part of the area and is part of the young folded structures. This is the only area in RF active volcanism - is different, and high seismicity. On the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands is more than 20 active volcanoes. Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4760 meters) - the highest point of the Far East and one of the greatest active volcanoes.

Major rivers of the region - Lena and the Amur and its tributaries, Kolyma, Indigirka, Ian. Rich hydropower has many rivers, but especially the Amur and its tributaries. In the Far East, many forests. Much of the forest grows in the mountains, so it is difficult harvesting. In the taiga many fur-bearing animals - is one of the natural resources of the area. The area is rich in minerals. Open coal deposit (Lenski, Yuzhno-Yakutsk pools), oil (Sakhalin), natural gas (Yakutia), iron ore (Aldan basin), non-ferrous and rare metals, gold, diamonds (Yakutia). From seaside situation of the region linked the use of ocean resources.

Population Population - 7,2 million. The population is very unevenly deployed. The area inhabited slowly, owing to its remoteness, bad roads, harsh natural conditions. The Far East is still suffering from a shortage of manpower. More densely populated southern areas of Primorye Territory and along the trails w / e. Especially sparsely populated northern part of the district. The average population density - 1,3 / km 2. Highest density over 13 people mentioned in Primorsky Krai, southern Khabarovsk Krai, in the Sakhalin and Amur region, the minimum - in the Koryak and the Chukchi Autonomous District -- 0,1-0,2 / km 2).

Multi-ethnic population of the Far East. Majority - Russian. In addition to them in the area, there are about a dozen indigenous people. They belong to the northern branch of Mongoloid race. The Chukchi, Koryak, Itelmen, Eskimos, Aleuts - people who speak languages paleaziatskoy groups (Chukchi-Kamchatka language family). In the basin of the Amur and on Sakhalin Island live people who speak the languages of the Altaic family, Tungus its -Manchurian language group (Nanai, Ulchi, Nivkhs, Udege). The indigenous population of Yakutia - Yakut (refer to the peoples of the Altaic language family, its Turkic language group). They live there and other peoples - Evenki, Evens, Yukagirs. All of the indigenous peoples of the Far East, from time immemorial are largely dominated by hunting, fishing, and in the north - in the tundra - reindeer.

Far East - one of the most "urban" in Russia. Proportion of residents is 76% . Major cities: Vladivostok, Khabarovsk (more than 600 thousand people in each), Komsomolsk-on-Amur (about 300 thousand people). The villagers dispersed centers, mostly in river valleys.

The farm specialization economies of the Far East - the production of non-ferrous metals, diamonds, fisheries, forestry and pulp and paper industry, trapping, fishing, shipbuilding and ship repair.

Metallurgic Complex (ferrous and non ferrous metals) before mining industry - mining of tin, mercury, polymetallic ores, tungsten, gold, and their processing. Mastered tin deposit in Yakutia and Chukotka Autonomous District are working Tin Combine (Crystal, Primorsky Krai) and GOK mining tin in the Khabarovsk Territory, companies that produce near Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, Dalnegorsk (Primorsky Krai). Develop new fields of lead-zinc ores. In Yakutia construct mining and processing plant, and in recent years and the company on the diamond (Mirny). К старейшим отраслям хозяйства относится золотодобыча (в бассейнах рек . The oldest branches of the economy is gold mining (in the basins Zeya, Bureya, Selemdzhi, in the mountains Aldan Plateau Sikhote-Alin).

In Komsomolsk-na-Amur working steel mills (pig and steel), produce steel. Establishment of South Yakutsk territorial-industrial complex involved the development of local iron ore deposits with a view to further development of ferrous metallurgy region.

Fuel and energy complex. Out of fuel resources in the Far East the most important coal and lignite, as well as Sakhalin oil. Coal South Yakutia deposits (which went over the railroad of the Baikal-Amur Railroad to Nerungri - the so-called Small B Aykal-Amur Mainline) - the main export item of Yakutia. To develop oil and natural gas in Sakhalin (used for the needs of the Far East). Large reserves of natural gas as found in the mouth Vilyui River in Yakutia, as long as they are used only for local needs. Oil is extracted in the north-east of Sakhalin Island and from there on two pipelines entered the refinery Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Khabarovsk. But the extent of oil production are small and do not meet the needs of the area. Sakhalin oil and gas connected to the mainland and the gas pipeline (Okha-Komsomolsk-on-Amur).

Main generating capacity of the Far East are concentrated in the southern region, where they are connected to a power grid. Energy unit of northern territories operate in isolation, ensuring local needs. Predominate Urban district power stations and heating plants. The largest -- Zeya hydroelectric power (more 1,1 млн. кВт). million kW). Are important: Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant (Chukotka Autonomous District), hydropower on tributaries of the Amur, on the Vilyui and Kolyma Neryungri urban power station (on the coals Yakutia), Fuel Power Plant in Yakutsk (working at the local natural gas). In Kamchatka acts Pauzhetskaya geothermal power (using the internal energy of the Earth).

Timber industry is concentrated mainly in the southern part of the Far East (broad-leaved trees are cut down valuable trees). The main timber bases are concentrated in the territory adjacent to the Lower and Middle Amur and rivers Ussuri, Zee, Buree, and located on Sakhalin and in the upper basin of the Lena. Most timber harvest Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krai. The timber is in the processing and export. Centers Sawing - Blagoveshchensk, Lesozavodsk (Primorskiy Kray), Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and others. Wood is carried out at a match factory in Blagoveshchensk, plywood production is concentrated in Vladivostok, Pulp and Paper Mill (production board) works in Amursk (Khabarovsk Territory). Pulp and paper industry is well developed in the south of Sakhalin (on production of paper - the leader in the entire Eastern zone of Russia).

Engineering. District and produced before the court, diesel engines, cranes, machines, appliances and more. Development of electrical, manufacturing power equipment, machine tools. At present, there is a very complex area economy. situation, many businesses do not work. Major industrial centers of the region: Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-na-Amur. Agricultural Machinery Plant is presented in Birobidzhan.
One of the most important industries, the area is the fishing industry. In the production of products of this industry area ranks first among economic regions of Russia. This leading industry in the industrial structure. Only here catches your valuable salmon, saury, crab. The center of the fishing industry are in Primorye, Sakhalin and Kamchatka.This: Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky, Nevelsk, Korsakov, Nakhodka, Okhotsk and more. Mined other seafood - seaweed, scallop. In small-scale fisheries are marine animals (seals).

Agriculture. Climatic conditions most of the area severely limit the ability of agriculture due to lack of summer heat. Agricultural developed mainly in the south area (monsoon climate), which grows soybeans, rice, vegetables, potatoes. Livestock does not ensure the needs of the district. In the south region and cattle breeding, and in the north in the tundra, reindeer developed. In the taiga are very important hunting and farming. Far Eastern seas are rich base of the fishing industry.

Transportation. For the Far East are of great importance all modes of transport. Railway transport is important for the southern region and on Sakhalin Island (which is also linked to the continent by sea ferry). Here, in the Far East, near Komsomolsk-na-Amur ends of the Baikal-Amur Magistral (its eastern part was built before: from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to the port of Busan), which duplicates the passing south of the Trans-Siberian Railway (to Vladivostok). Even before the completion of construction of the Baikal-Amur Railway was introduced in line - Small Baikal-Amur (station Bam -- Tynda-Berkakit). Her intends to continue to Yakutsk.

Auto Transport provides transportation to the north-east between the ports Okhotsk and Bering seas and industrial centers in the hinterland (in Yakutia, Magadan region of Asti). But very few roads, often seasonal roads - winter road. River transport is also important, especially in the south area (navigable Amur and its tributaries). Development of the Far North due to the further development of the Northern Sea Route. At the mouths of the major northern rivers created ports serving ships passing through the northern and eastern seas of Russia. Air transport provides passenger transportation and cargo delivery, including in remote areas and islands.

Foreign economic relations Russia are carried out through seaports: Vladivostok, Nakhodka (Primorskiy Territory), Busan (Khabarovsk Territory), Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Primorsky Krai and Sakhalin Oblast declared a "zone of free enterprise." Currently, there are three free economic zones: "Find", "Big Vladivostok and Sakhalin."

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