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1) Geographical position, area, and administrative-territorial composition of the district. Natural resource potential: raw materials, minerals, water resources area, their uniqueness, qualitative and quantitative evaluation, the natural conditions of Eastern Siberia and their influence on the distribution of the productive forces of the region. The population and its ethnic composition. Features of reproduction and the formation of labor resources. Place area in the territorial division of labor, RF. Interdistrict value of fuel and energy resources. Raw materials and
2) the specialization area in the industry. Forms of territorial organization of industrial production. A list and brief description of the major territorial-production complex and industrial sites. Industry and environmental issues, the main directions of their decision. Development and deployment of agribusiness industries: natural conditions - the most important factor in placing the branches of agriculture northern and southern parts of the district. Geography agribusiness processing industries (meat, dairy and other food industries). The role of the transport system in the development of productive forces. Its basic types. Peculiarities of transport development in the area. Problems and prospects of development and distribution of the productive forces of the region. Level alignment of the northern and southern parts of the region. Factors contributing to spatial, structural change.
Composition of the Republic: Buryatia, Tuva (Tyva), and Khakassia. Krasnoyarsk Territory, including. Taimyr (or Dolgan-Nenets) and Evenki Autonomous District, Irkutsk region, in the t th including Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District, Chita region, including. Agin-Buryat Autonomous District.
Economic-geographical situation in Eastern Siberia is far from the most developed regions, between Western Siberia and the Far East. Only in the South are the railway (Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur), and on the Yenisei in the short navigation is provided communication with the northern sea route. Peculiarities of the geographical location and climatic conditions, as well as weak territorial cultivation difficult conditions of industrial development district.
Natural conditions and resources thousand-high-water rivers, endless taiga, mountains and plateaus, lowland plains of the tundra - this is varied nature of Eastern Siberia. Territory area - 4,1 million km 2.Climate - sharply continental, with large amplitudes fluctuations in temperature (very cold winters and hot summers). Almost a quarter of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle. Natural areas are replaced in the latitudinal direction sequentially: arctic desert, tundra, forest tundra, taiga (most of the territory), in the south - there are areas of steppe and steppe. Forest reserves of the area ranked first in the country(lesoizbytochny).
Most of the territory is the East Siberian Plateau. Lowland areas of Eastern Siberia to the South and East, bordered by mountains (Yenisei Range, Sayan, Baikal mountainous country). Features of the geological structure (a combination of ancient and younger rocks) rise to a variety of minerals. Upper Tier, located the Siberian platform, represented by sedimentary rocks. Since they involve the formation of the largest coal basin in Siberia - the Tunguska. For sedimentary rocks of deflections on the outskirts of the Siberian platform are confined reserves of brown coal Kansk-Achinsk and Lena basin. And withPrecambrian rocks of the lower tier of the Siberian platform related education Angara-Ilim, and other large deposits of iron ore and gold. Large oil deposits discovered in the middle reaches Tunguska River Podkamennaya (Evenkia).
Eastern Siberia has enormous reserves of various minerals (coal, copper and nickel ores, gold, mica, graphite). Terms of developing them extremely difficult because of the severe climate and permafrost in excess of 1000 places meters, which affects almost the entire area. In eastern Siberia, is Lake Baikal - a unique natural object, which contains about 1 / 5 the world's freshwater. This is the deepest lake in the world. Are enormous hydropower resources in Eastern Siberia. Most full-flowing river - Yenisei. The largest hydroelectric country (Sayano-Shushenskaya, Krasnoyarsk, fraternal, and others) built on this river and one of its tributaries - the Angara.
The population of Eastern Siberia - one of the most sparsely populated areas of Russia. Population (2000) is 9,0 million, the average density of 2 persons / km 2, and Evenki and Taimyr Autonomous District, the figure is only 0,003 - 0, 006 persons / km 2.
Population lives in the South, mainly in the zone adjacent to the Trans-Siberian railway, a line of Baikal-Amur railway and near Lake Baikal. Occupancies Prebaikalian higher than Transbaikalia. Most of the population is concentrated in the Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk region. In the vast expanses of tundra and taiga in the population of rare, hosted "foci" - the river valleys and in intermontane basins.
Most of the population - are Russian. In addition to these live Buryat, Tuva, Khakasses, in the North - Nenets and Evenki (mostly residing in the territory of its national-territorial entities - in the republics and autonomous districts). Mostly urban population. (71%), as most of the territories due to unfavorable natural conditions for living and development of farming. The biggest cities - Krasnoyarsk (about 900 thousand people.), Irkutsk (about 600 thousand people.), Chita and Ulan-Ude (more than 300 thousand people.).
The farm industry in the economy of Eastern Siberia are electric power, nonferrous metallurgy, forestry and pulp and paper industry.
Fuel and energy complex. Electricity - industry specialization industry area. Work here in the country's largest hydroelectric power station, power plant and CHP using local fuel and hydropower resources.The most powerful thermal power plant in the area -- Nazarovskaya (KAFEC -- Kansk-Achinsk fuel and energy complex in the Krasnoyarsk Territory), Chita, Gusinoozersk City Power Plant (Buryatia), Norilsk (Krasnoyarsk region) and Irkutsk thermoelectric plant. Cogeneration Norilsk worked previously at an angle, but now run on natural gas which is fed through a pipeline from the fields Messoyaha 150 km from Dudinka (on the border of Western Siberia and Eastern Siberia).
Several major urban stations are planned to build a coal Kansk-Achinsk basin, which stretches for 800 km along the Trans-Siberian Railway (from Kansk to Achinsk). Hundred-meter layer of brown coal occurs here close to the surface. Mining is carried out in large quarries - an open way. This steam coals, which are more profitable to burn in place to pr-va electricity to large thermal power plants, than to transport over long distances.
Eastern Siberia is allocated and the country's largest hydroelectric power stations built on the Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskaya capacity over 6 million kW) and the Angara (Bratsk, Ust-Ilim, Boguchanskaya, Irkutsk). All power district merged power lines and connected to the grid in Western Siberia.
The district, in the Irkutsk region, a new condensate field-Kovytkinskoe (proven reserves (estimated) - 869 billion m 3 of gas and 58 million tons - condensing). In 1997, signed an agreement to export gas from the field to China by pipeline (the project is being developed in 1994). Proposed pipeline route will parallel the railway Ulan-Ude-Ulan Bator-Beijing (length 3364 km), then to the port Zhichzhao (China), and then - at the bottom of the Yellow Sea in the South Korean city Samhita (and then in the form of liquefied natural gas will be pumped into tankers and sent to Japan and Taiwan).
Working out cheap electricity and having a variety of raw materials, the district develops energy-intensive industries (non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper industry) . For example, enterprises aluminum smelting: Shelekhova, Bratsk (Irkutsk Region), Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory). Raw materials - local nepheline. A comprehensive recycling, with a favorable reception of cement and soda makes Prospect of aluminum in Eastern Siberia cheapest. Sayan and Bratsk smelters are the largest in the world.
Also in the area to mine gold, silver, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, lead and zinc ores. In some areas, on-site production plants are established. For example, Norilsk copper-nickel plant (in the North - the Polar Circle), where passing from smelting of many metals produce chemical products and building materials.
Petroleum and chemical industry is represented by companies in the following cities: Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory), Angarsk, New York-Siberian, Winter (all - Irkutsk region) and more.They have developed oil refining (in the way of an oil pipeline from Western Siberia - an oil refinery in Achinsk and Angarsk), developed the production of synthetic ammonia, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate(Usolye-Siberian, Irkutsk Region), alcohols, resins, soda, plastic and more. Krasnoyarsk complex specializes in chem. wood processing, production of synthetic rubber and fibers, tires, polymers and fertilizers. Chemical plants operate in the waste pulp and paper industry, based on oil, the local resources of coal, using cheap hydroelectricity. The water from the rivers of Eastern Siberia, as many water-intensive production.
Large stocks of forests contribute to the development of forestry and pulp and paper industry. Logging activities are conducted in the basins of the Yenisei and Angara. In Yenisei timber is transported to the ocean and then - on the Northern Sea Route, as well as - to the Trans-Siberian Railway and the BAM to send them to forests in other parts of the country.
The Arctic Circle built port Igarka a sawmill. Key same forest industries are located in Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory), Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk (Irkutsk region). Built large Selenge Pulp and Cardboard Plant (in Selenga River, which flows into Lake Baikal). Should be noted however, that the company causing serious damage to the ecological state of the Baikal region, contaminating the environment with waste production.
Engineering serves mainly the needs of the district. Large enterprises are machine complex plants in Krasnoyarsk (Sibtyazhmash, combine heavy excavators and plant) in Irkutsk (Heavy Machinery Plant). In Chita brought avtosborka.
Agriculture. Agricultural developed mainly in the south district. Livestock specializes in the production of meat and wool, as well as two-thirds of agricultural lands are grasslands and pastures. Beef cattle and sheep myasosherstnoe developed in the Chita region, Buryatia and Tuva. The leading role in agriculture belong to cropsCultivated spring wheat, oats, barley, significant plantings of fodder crops, potatoes and horticulture developed in the North, the tundra, are engaged in breeding reindeer in the taiga - hunting.
Transportation. Development of natural resources, industry hampered by underdeveloped transport network. Provision of transport network - one of the lowest in the country. Only in the South of Eastern Siberia runs Trans-Siberian railway, built at the turn of XIX and XX centuries. (Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk-Ulan-Ude, Chita, Vladivostok). In the 80 years was built by BAM (the total of its length - more 3 thousand km). The line starts from Ust-Kut (a town in the upper reaches of the Lena River), is coming to the northern tip of Lake Baikal (Severobaikalsk), overcomes the mountain ranges in the Trans-Baikal through the broken rock tunnels and ends at the Komsomolsk-on-Amur (in the Far East, Khabarovsk cr.). The line with the previously constructed western (Taishet-Bratsk-Ust-Kut) and the eastern section (Komsomolsk-na-Amur-Busan) forms a second, shorter compared to the Trans-Siberian, the way to the Pacific Ocean.
In the north of the area has a small electrified railway, which connected the port Norilsk Dudnik. The biggest trance. artery is Enisey river. By Z. from the mouth of the Yenisei River navigation on the North. obsolescence. path is carried out even in winter. The summer with the help of icebreakers held court and to B. of the Yenisei. Igarka and Dudnik - lesoeksportnye ports.