Theme 3.10 Economic and geographic characteristics of the West Siberian economic region

1) Geographical position, area, and administrative-territorial composition of the district. Characteristics of the population and labor force: the dynamics of population, territorial characteristics of reproduction, their determinants, of the population of the district, population density, ethnic composition, labor force, especially their formation, the role of migration in shaping labor Northern District. Natural resource potential. The role of oil, gas fields in the formation of an economic complex area of inter-regional significance. Place area in the territorial division of labor, RF.

2) Specialty industrial district. Region-and complementary industries of the West Siberian territorial complex. The most important industrial centers, and their brief description. The natural and climatic conditions of the area - a key factor in agricultural specialization. Factors determining the placement of agricultural industries in the southern region. The transportation system area. Features of its formation. Brief description of water, road, pipeline transport. Problems and Prospects of the West Siberian territorial complex.

Composition of Altai Krai, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen Region, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area. Altai Republic.

Economic and geographic location of Western Siberia is a vast space to the east of the Ural Mountains, extending almost to the Yenisei. But especially large extent from North to South. This is one of the largest economic regions in the territory of Russia. In the West region bordering the North and Ural economic regions, the South-Kazakhstan, in the East with the Eastern Siberia. In the south of the Trans-Siberian railway line crosses the major Siberian rivers Ob and Irtysh. With its rich natural resources the area has favorable conditions for economy. development, but unique natural and climatic conditions greatly complicate the situation.

Natural conditions and resources of most of the territory of the district is West Siberian Plain. Located on the south-eastern Altai mountain country - the highest part of Western Siberia (Belukha – 4506 meters). Much of Western Siberia is located in the continental climate of temperate zone (more severe than in the European part of Russia), and the northern part of it lies within the subarctic and arctic zones. On the nature of the Far North was appreciably affected by the Arctic Ocean.

Due to a large extent the territory from North to South. and the West. East. Differences in vegetation evident even within the same climatic zone. In the direction from North to South. zone arctic desert and tundra is replaced by the taiga zone (West-Siberian -- lesoizbytochny district). At the latitude of Tyumen and Tomsk taiga forests give way to a narrow strip of deciduous forest, which pass into the forest-steppe area. In the foothills of the Altai small area is steppe zone (but more dry than in the Russian Plain). Steppe and steppe regions of Western Siberia with chernozem soils under cultivation.

Main river region - Ob - navigable throughout and flows into the Kara Sea. There are many tributaries of the river (many of them navigable). Rivers District serves as transportation arteries, and for water supply. The hydropower potential of rivers is low (plain area). Over a third of the total area occupied by bogs of Western Siberia. Swamping it extremely difficult laying highways, development of oil and gas fields.

Western Siberia is rich in various minerals. In its depths are huge reserves of oil and gas (especially important ones - in the remote taiga among the marshes and swamps). At district for more than 60% of Russian reserves of peat. To the north of the Altai, between Salair Ridge and the Kuznetsk Tau, located Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass). In the south of the Kemerovo Region (Mountain Saddlers) to extract iron ore, but they are almost worked out. But the main iron ore reserves comparable to stocks Kursk Magnetic Anomaly are Ob in the Tomsk region (in their development have not yet begun). In Salair Ridge has reserves of polymetallic ores. In the Altai found mercury and gold. In the foothills of the Altai is a resort Belokurikha (Altai Territory) with mineral springs. Dense forests, rapid rivers, the famous Teletskoe lake attracts many tourists to the Altai.

Population The population of the region - 15,0 million people live here 2 / 3 of the population throughout the Eastern Zone of Russia. Average population density for 6 persons / km 2. Patalpinta it is extremely uneven. The most densely populated by a relatively narrow strip along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Kemerovo region (33 people / km 2). Taiga populated rarely sat down in it are found mainly in river valleys. In Tomsk, Tyumen Region, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area, the population density of 2.3 persons / km 2. Even fewer people placed in the tundra (in the Yamal-Nenets autonomous district population density is 0.6 persons / km 2).

Over 90% of the population-Russian, a relatively large share of Ukrainians. The indigenous population of the northern areas (the peoples of the Uralic language family) - Nenets (about 30 thousand people.) Inhabit the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District: the administrative center - the city Salekhard, located near the Arctic Circle. In the middle reaches of the Ob River is also home to peoples Khanty and Mansi. Indigenous peoples of the mountains (South of Western Siberia) - the peoples of the Turkic language group-Altaians, Shors, in areas of border with Kazakhstan, the Kazakhs live.

As a result of industrial development district has increased the proportion of urban population (71%). Major cities of Western Siberia are located mainly in crossing the railway navigable rivers. Especially highlighted Novosibirsk and Omsk (city - "Millionaires "). Many cities have grown in the field of mining, processing of timber and agricultural products. In the highly urbanized region of Kemerovo (87%) of the city located along the railway line.

In recent years a marked increase in urban population in the Middle Ob and the northern area (the coefficient of urbanization in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District - 91%). Here grew the modern city:Nadim - based oilfield Bear; Urengoy - near Urengoyskoye gas field and more. Population Surgut Nizhnevartovsk close to a quarter million. In connection with the production of oil and gas, industrial development in previous years the population grew, but in general the area lacks in the workforce (using the shift method of work).

The farm industry in the economy of Western Siberia is the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal), ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, petro chemistry, machinery, and grain farming.
Western Siberia - the main base of Russia for oil and gas. Oil - high quality, and cost her - the lowest in the country. Oil and gas occur in unconsolidated sediments at a depth of 700-3000 m.

Oil production in the years of economic restructuring significantly decreased, but the area is nevertheless essential for the extraction of fuel resources in the country. In 1999godu were extracted 207 million tons of oil (in 1990 - 376 million tons). Major deposits are located in the Tyumen and Tomsk region -- Samotlor, Ust-Balyksky, Surgut. Deposits are aging, depleted; explored new.

Gas produced in the North District.'s Largest fields -- Urengoiskoye, Bear, Yamburg, Bovanenkovskoye in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. Now construction of the new branch of the pipeline "Yamal - Europe".
Based Tyumen oil refineries operating in Omsk and petrochemical plant in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk. Oil is fed by oil pipelines in Eastern Siberia (where the working refineries inAchinsk and Angarsk) and in Kazakhstan. Development Oil-Gas-cycle occurs simultaneously with the expansion of the forest industry (wood chemistry - Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk).

Kuznetsk coal basin - the core of the Kemerovo region. Coal-bearing areas cover a quarter of its area. The total geological reserves of Kuznetsk coal to a depth of 1800 m are estimated at 600 billion tons. Kuzbass is the first in Russia to balance coal reserves and second largest (after the Kansk-Achinsk) reserves suitable for open development . On the territory of the Kemerovo region comes and Kansk-Achinsk brown coal basin, most of which is located in the Krasnoyarsk region.
Coal is mined in the Kuzbass in 60 mines and 20 opencast mines. However, the economic conditions prevailing in the 90-ies made unprofitable coal mining and transportation. The consequence was the reduction of coal production and mine closures. Peak production decline in 1997 - 94 million tons (in 1990. - Produced 150 million tons in 1999. - 109 million tons). The bulk of production in the region of the fuel is exported from the AP. Kuznetsk coal consumed in the Urals, in the European part of Russia, in Kazakhstan.

Steel. Kuzbass is the coal and metallurgical base of federal significance. The main center of the steel industry - Novokuznetsk (ferro-alloy plant and two plants with full metallurgical cycle). Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine (the oldest of the complete cycle of plants introduced into service as early as 1932) used local ore Mountain Shoria and growing West Siberian Metallurgical Combine (a young company, in 1964) receive raw materials from Eastern Siberia-Khakass and Angara - Ilimskij ore. The metallurgical plants have their own facilities for the production of coke. But there is also a by-product coke plant in Kemerovo - the oldest production of its kind in the Kuzbass. Metallurgical Plant is in Novosibirsk.

Color metallurgy is represented by Zinc Plant (Belovo, Kemerovo region), aluminum (Novokuznetsk), and a plant in Novosibirsk, where the concentrates produced from the Far East and tin alloys. Disbursed local deposits of nepheline - raw materials for the aluminum industry (Kiya-Shaltyrsky nepheline mine near the border of Khakassia) .

Engineering. District serves the needs of the whole of Siberia. In the Kuzbass make metal consuming mining and metallurgy. Equipment, machine tools. In Novosibirsk produce heavy machine tools and hydraulic press, as well as a turbine generator plant. In Rubtsovsk is Altai Tractor Factory, in Tomsk - bearing, in Barnaul - Boiler. Electro technology presented in Novosibirsk and Tomsk. Among the specialized factories for the production of mining equipment are allocated Kisilevsky, Kuznetsk (Novokuznetsk) and Angers engineering plants (all - Kemerovo region).

A special place in the economy of the Kemerovo region occupied by foreign exchange company. Among them, it should be noted Yurginskij machine factory - one of the largest machine tools equipped with first class (he had previously produced equipment for silos of operational missiles). During the conversion process plant switched to production of hydraulic cranes and ultra-high capacity. In Anzhero-Sudzhensk opens assembly plant of the Korean car company Hyundai.
On the basis of coking coal in the Kuzbass is developing chemical industry, which produces nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic dyes, medicines, plastics, tires (Novosibirsk and other cities). We develop the petrochemical industry, which uses local hydrocarbons (oil and gas). Refineries - in Omsk. However, the concentration of industries with hazardous waste in industrial sites Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo and other cities seriously aggravates the ecological situation in the region.

In connection with the rapid development oil and gas production in the AP also sharply raises the question of ecological districts of the North of Russia, as well as create difficulties for the traditional activities of indigenous us.: vast expanses of reindeer pastures permanently removed from the system after the passage of all-terrain vehicles, pipe-laying (at zero temperature, while melting of the upper layer of permafrost ). Gushing oil pipeline accident leads to water pollution in rivers and lakes, harmed fisheries. Forests are also affected by human activities. All these problems affect the reduction in the size of the territory where the indigenous us. Western Siberia may engage in hunting, fishing and reindeer herding.

Fuel and energy complex occupies a leading position in industrial area. Fuel resources area provided, and even exporting them to other economic areas of Russia and abroad. In Western Siberia accounted for a large share of total production of hydrocarbons in Russia. In the West, East and South of the largest fields are laid and construction of new pipelines.

Energy West Siberian oil and gas industry at the expense of thermal power plants operating on fuel oil and gas -- Surgut State district power station, Nizhnevartovsk Urengoyskaya city district power station, etc. In the Kuzbass coal-fired power plants operate. The largest of these are: Tom-Usinsk, Belovskaya and Southern Kuzbass regional city power plant. Among the oldest enterprises of electric power are Kuznetskaya thermoelectric plant (built simultaneously with the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine) and Kemerovo TPP (the first stage of which was commissioned in 1934). Work also Zap.-Siberian Cogeneration (Novokuznetsk), Kemerovo and Novokemerovskaya thermoelectric plant. Power in Western Siberia and Eastern Siberia form a unified energy system of Siberia.
Agriculture. In the forest and tundra zones of the region conditions are unfavorable for agriculture and the main role played by reindeer herding, fishing and trapping. South of Western Siberia (forest-steppe and steppe zone of chernozem soils) - one of the major grain areas of Russia. It also bred cattle, sheep and poultry. Established oil mills in the steppe zone, meat packing, sherstomoynye plants - in the steppe.In the Altai Mountains, along with sheep remains important reindeer antlers, bred in the mountains and goats, and yaks.

Transportation. Great (or Trans-) Siberian railway line (Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Vladivostok) was built in the late XIX - early XX century. Later was built South-Siberian Railway (Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk, Taishet) associated Kuzbass, Kazakhstan and eastern Siberia, as well as a number of paved roads in the North was put into operation logging roads Asino-Bely Yar. Construct railway Tyumen-Tobolsk - Surgut, Surgut-Nizhnevartovsk. Currently, the Ob North laid a few railroads. One of them (from Vorkuta), topping the Northern Urals, came to town Labytnangi (near Salekhard), while the other (from Surgut) reached Urengoy and stretches to Yamburg.

Very expensive in the cost of road construction (especially the construction in the area of permafrost and wetland).
Rapid development has pipeline transport. Construct and operate pipelines: Shaim - Tyumen, Ust-Balik - Omsk-Pavlodar (Kazakhstan)-Shymkent (Kazakhstan); Aleksandrovskoe (Tomsk region), Nizhnevartovsk; Aleksandrovskoe-Tomsk-Anzhero-Sudzhensk-Achinsk, Angarsk, Ust-Balik-Kurgan-Ufa-Almetjevsk;

Nizhnevartovsk-Kurgan-Samara; Surgut-Polotsk, etc.

From the mining sites in the North District held pipelines. Only one Urengoyskoye gas field, for example, launched on 6 Z. threads pipelines with total length of over 20 thousand km and built (with the participation of Poland and Germany) new stadium (the Yamal-Europe ").

Go to begin