Theme 2.5. Geography of branches of a chemical complex of Russia

Structure and value of branches of a chemical and wood complex. Natural and business factors, their defining role in development of a chemical and wood complex. Geography of branches of a chemical and wood complex.

The chemical complex includes: chemical, petrochemical and the microbiological industry. Chemical and petrochemical the industry has close interrelation with many branches Uniform economic complex in Russian Federation, receiving from various branches of the country primary and secondary raw materials, and in exchange deliver finished goods.

As a part of chemical the industries allocate:
1) mountain-chemical the industry (extraction of chemical raw materials),
2) the basic chemical (manufacture of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers),
3) chemical organic synthesis (manufacture of initial products of organic synthesis: acids, spirits),
4) manufacture of polymeric materials (synthetic pitches and plastic, chemical fibres, synthetic rubber, etc.). At processing of polymeric materials receive tyres.
Chemical branch concerns also
5) the industry of chemical reactants and especially pure substances,
6) varnishes and paints,
7) household the chemical

However variety of branches and manufactures in our country do not carry to the chemical industry (in comparison with classification of chemical branches in foreign countries). For example, koks and chemical manufacture is a part metallurgical the industry - in a fuel industry; timber-chemical manufacture - in a pulp and paper industry. In classification of branches the industry as separate branches act petro-chemical, microbiology, the pharmaceutical and perfumery-cosmetic industry
Chemical the industry makes on concentration essential impact: not prevalence of some kinds of raw materials, complex its uses, a combination of manufacture and technics development.
Placing principles – manufacture approach to raw materials sources, fuel and energy resources and consumption areas; a rational division of labour and complex development of economy of regions.
Factors – the developed placing chemical the industry; economic development of area; placing of raw and fuel and energy base; transport maintenance; a manpower; the consumer factor; the ecological factor.

The sulfuric acid industry. Sulfuric acid - one of the major chemical products, finding application by manufacture of mineral fertilizers, in metallurgy, textile, food and a petroleum-refining industry. Factories on its manufacture take places only in consumption areas. The major enterprises of this branch are also in the Central area: Novomoskovsk (the Tula area), Voskresensk (Moscow Region), in area Volgo-Vjatskom: Dzerzhinsk (the Nizhniy Novgorod region, Chernorechensky factory), in Ural Mountains - in Berezniki and Perm. The most part is used by a made chamois of acid by manufacture of mineral fertilizers (mainly phosphoric and complex).
The soda industry. In our country there are natural deposits of stone (cooking) salt. Salt - initial raw materials for soda reception (drinking) and the chlorine, widely used both in chemical, and in other branches the industry (glass, pulp-and-paper, textile, metallurgical, etc.). The deposit of natural (natural) soda in Russia (Mihajlovsky) is in Altay territory. The major enterprises soda the industry are in the Perm area (Bereznikovsky industrial complex), in Bashkiria (Sterlitamaksky industrial complex), in Altay territory (Mihajlovsky soda industrial complex).
Manufacture of mineral fertilizers (phosphatic, potash and nitric) is the important branch of the chemical industry of our country.
For manufacture of phosphatic (phosphoric) fertilizers (simple and double superphosphate) two kinds of natural raw materials - phosphorites and apatites are used. Apatity is better raw materials. The majority of factories of Russia making phosphatic fertilizers. It leads to transportations of a large quantity of raw materials, but these apatites even for Siberia are the best raw materials, than local phosphorites. The enterprises using as raw materials phosphorites and making a phosphoritic flour, take places in places of extraction of this kind of minerals. The largest enterprises superphosphate the industry are industrial complexes in Voskresenske (Moscow Region) St.-Petersburg, Kingisepp (Leningrad region).
Manufacture of potash fertilizers takes places usually near of the deposits of potash salts as it does not demand heavy expenses of fuel. So, on potash salts of the Verhnekamsky deposit (the Perm area) industrial complexes in Solikamsk and Berezniki work.

The basic raw materials for manufacture of nitric fertilizers (ammonium sulphate, ammoniac saltpeter, urea or a carbamide) became nowadays the natural gas, being the main source of initial substance for their reception - ammonia. The new enterprises for release of nitric fertilizers take places also along lines of the main gas pipelines. The largest enterprises of branch are in Dzerzhinsk (about N.Novgoroda), Berezniki, Novomoskovsk (the Tula area), Nevinnomyssk (Stavropol Territory), Kemerovo.
Make also complex fertilizers: difficult (which turn out as a result of chemical interaction of raw materials and reagents) and mixed (which receive by means of mechanical mixture of a different kind of fertilizers).
Manufacture of minute of fertilizers in 2005 has made about 17 million т, having exceeded on 4 % level of 1990. For 2000-2005 manufacture has increased by 36 %.
The basic organic synthesis includes manufacture of spirits, organic acids, solvents. Production of organic synthesis further follows: plastics, pitches, chemical fibres and processing of polymeric materials (manufacture of rubber, synthetic rubber, tyres).
Specificity of organic synthesis underlines expediency of placing of all its stages - from extraction of hydrocarbonic raw materials before finished goods manufacture on the same territories And only finishing stages of organic synthesis gravitate to the consumer - to the mechanical engineering centres (this manufacture of plastic, synthetic rubber, rubber) and to the basic centres textile the industry (manufacture chemical fibres).
Factories on manufacture of plastics are constructed in Kazan, Volgograd, Nizhni Tagil, Ufa, Salavat, Ekaterinburg, in Zapodnoj Siberia (Tyumen, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk), in the Central Economic region (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuyevo), on Northwest (St.-Petersburg). At development of artificial and synthetic fibres the considerable quantity of raw materials and materials, fuel and water is consumed. These factors also define placing of the enterprises of branch. Chemical factories are in Tver, Ryazan, Balakovo (Saratov region), Barnaul, Kursk, Engels, Volzhsk (Volgograd region), Krasnoyarsk and others.

The synthetic rubber and rubber products find wide application in all branches of plank beds.
It is possible to result the list of the reasons, made negative impact on work of a chemical complex of Russia in last These and considerable reduction in demand for branch production in the basic sectors-consumers - in mechanical engineering, easy, pulp-and-paper and other branches the industry, and also in agriculture. Rupture of industrial-technological communications between the enterprises the chemical industry in republic USSR has affected also. But the main reason – the forced transition to market relations without necessary preparation, without reckoning with economic and social consequences.
The basic directions of development of branch: necessity of growth of investments, first of all for updating of a fixed capital by the modern equipment; increase of level of efficiency of placing of new manufactures; production improvement of quality; recycling of a waste and preservation of the environment.

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