Theme 2.4. Mechanical engineering Russia

Mechanical Engineering - one of the leading industries of Russia. Creating the most active part of fixed assets - tools, accounting for more than 1 / 3 the volume of pr-va marketable products Industry.
In the structure of engineering there are 19 large, complex industries (energy and transport engineering, electrical, machine, tractor and agricultural machinery, etc.), more than 100 specialized sub-sectors and industries.
Excrete depending on the metal and labor: a heavy (large consumption of metal, low complexity), common (average rates of the metal, energy, low complexity), the average (low consumption of metal, high complexity).
The role of the complex in ENHK: Identify ways to improve and the rate of growth of drug. Economic complex, acts as a region-factor, affects the scale and pace of implementation of equipment and creates tools, reflects the degree of development of STP.
Factors determining the development and deployment of the machine complex: natural conditions, the volume of investment, their sources, specialization and level of development of p-electrons, the basic level of science and technology; trans. network, availability of labor and the extent and geography of consumers; transportability of raw materials and finished products, the environmental situation in the region.

The degree of influence of specific factors on the placement of (+ + + - decisive, + + - strong, + - weak):
1) Heavy - raw (+++); rn consumption (+);
2) A locomotive - commodity (++); labor (+);
3) Shipbuilding - Labor (+), rn consumption (+++);
4) Car industry - labor (+++);
5) Machine tool industry - labor (++), consumption (++);
6) Instrumentation - labor (+ +).

Extensive transport network, availability of suitable highways - the first important condition, which to some extent taken into account when placing all branches of the machine complex. The diversity of raw materials and construction features of different machines determine the relationship between production runs, as well as businesses related industries that produce metals, plastics, rubber, textiles, glass (co)... At the same time developed detailed hotel and subject matter specialization of different mills machine-building.
Several centers of heavy industry was formed in the Urals, which is one of the largest metallurgical centers of the country: in Yekaterinburg (plant Uralmash - equipment for metallurgy and other industries), in Nizhny Tagil (Uralvagonzavod - manufacture of freight cars), Chelyabinsk ( heavy tractors, production in equipment for the coal industry) and Miasse (heavy trucks "Ural"), in Perm (shipbuilding and other types of machinery) and other enterprises for the production of mining equipment located in Prokopyevsk, Kiselyovsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Kemerovo (all - Kemerovo Region), Krasnoyarsk (about the other base metals - Siberian).

The enterprises of power engineering are manufactured steam boilers, powerful steam turbines and generators, water turbines, diesel engines, electric motors. It works in Biisk (Altai Territory), Barnaul, Taganrog (Rostov oblast), Belgorod, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk. In Volgodonsk (Rostov region) operates a plant producing equipment for nuclear power plants.
Machine-tool industry. For the machine tool industry is characterized by more or less widespread deployment of Prospect Island, but most products still account for a central, Northwest and the Ural economic district. In 1990. Most machines produced in Bashkortostan (more than 10 thousand pieces) - Sterlitamak machine-tool plant in 2009 - in the Kirov region. (More than 1.0 thousand units). Machining Center Kirov Plant
Metalworking. Production of metal products and billets with a rather narrow specialization and mass-line method of geographically located as follows: Production of metal products closer to consumers, and bars - to sources of raw materials (iron and steel bases).
Trans. Engineering includes automotive, railway engineering, shipbuilding, aircraft construction. Domestic automobile industry produces cars, trucks, buses, trolley buses. The first large-scale enterprises of this industry have been built in Moscow, Yaroslavl and Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky).
Currently, cars are manufactured by plants in 14 regions of Russia, including 70% - in the Samara region (Togliatti, Syzran) - More than 800 thousand pieces, as well as in Vsevolozhsk (Leningrad Region) - more than 60 thousand pieces, Izhevsk, Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow - more than 50 t.sht, Aksai (Rostov), Kaliningrad, Ulyanovsk. Operate bus plants in Pavlovo (below urban area), Likino (Moscow region), to build a plant for the production of buses with the participation firms in Germany Golicyno (Moscow region), operates the country's only trolley bus factory in the town of Engels (Saratov region).

Trucks produced in Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Naberezhnye Chelny (Tatarstan), Miasse. Along with this are the specialized production of engines, diesel engines: Trans-Volga (Nizhny Novgorod region), Yaroslavl, Moscow, Kolomna (Moscow region), etc. .
In recent years there are joint ventures, in our enterprises the assembly of cars of foreign firms: Kaliningrad, Rostov region (Aksai), Izhevsk "Accent (Korean firm "Hyundai"). 25% stake in AvtoVAZ (in Togliatti) has acquired the French firm Renault.
Locomotive and car building was developed in Russia in the early twentieth century. Large factories are located in Nizhny Novgorod, Kolomna, Bryansk, St Petersburg, Ulan-Ude, Nizhny Tagil. Since 1957, the issue of main line steam was stopped and the plants transferred to the production of diesel and electric locomotives (Kolomna, Kaluga, Ljudinovo, Moore, Novocherkassk).
Cars produced in Bryansk (isothermal) Mytischi (cars for subway). Nizhniy Tagil (wagons with higher payload capacity), Tver (bunk wagons for transportation vehicles), Abakan, Novoaltaysk, St. Petersburg, Vyshniy Volochek (Tver region) and Ust-Katava (Chelyabinsk region).
Marine and river shipbuilding and ship repair are developed in the sea and river ports: St. Petersburg, Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Tyumen, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomlsk-on-Amur, Arkhangelsk (in the city Severodvinsk - nuclear submarines), Murmansk, Yaroslavl, Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region), Zelenodolsk (Tatarstan), and others.
Aircraft represented in the major industrial centers: Moscow, Smolensk, Voronezh, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Russia, Omsk, Novosibirsk and other main factors of facility location - convenient transport links and availability of skilled labor.
Half of excavators (about 1.9 thousand units) is produced in Tver.

Agricultural Engineering and tractor. Manufacture of tractors, which began on Putilov in St. Petersburg, was then organized in many cities, including Chelyabinsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk, Volgograd, Cheboksary, Rubtsovsk, Novotroitsk, Petrozavodsk (tractor for logging), and others. Tractor plants are located in prime agricultural areas or in geographical proximity to the steel bases.
New production: Yelabuga Automobile Plant (Tatarstan) - assembly of wheeled tractors "Belarus"
Plants for the production of combine harvesters and other agricultural machinery are in Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Pyatigorsk, Syzran, Bezhetsk (Tver region) - lnouborochnye machines, Voronezh, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk, Birobidzhan, Lyubertsy - Forage machines, Tula and Ryazan - potato machines and more. However, many companies are now forced to restructure and ceased production of agricultural machinery (eg, plants in Taganrog, Rostov-na-Donu).

Precision engineering. Enterprises group of industries for the production of precision machines and instruments (electronics and electrical engineering, instrumentation), where the manufacturing process requires skilled labor, are located in areas of high technology, and centers of culture - in large cities.

Production of major industrial products in Russia for 1913 2005g.g. Here Russia and countries of the world, 2006. (Data for 2004).
Stasbornik Industry of Russia ", 2005. - Production of more than 50 kinds of products of machine building in kind.
Refrigerators and washing machines - Lipetsk. Production of washing machines organized since 2004., Refrigerators - in 1991 1995g.g. 3 / 4 TV sets produced in Kaliningrad (since 2001)
In engineering, most (after the light industry), reduced volumes of Prospect Island in the 90's, the whole complex and for certain critical industries (electrical engineering, agricultural machinery, machine tools). One of the main reasons - a sharp reduction pr-va defense products. But, unfortunately, not only her. For individual indicators, Prospect Island in the kind of products have a maximum of a further 1970 (eg, machine tools, some farm machinery, bulldozers, spinning), the other for the 80's - early 90-ies. (See Appendix . 3).
Depreciation of fixed assets is 45%, over 60% of machines are aged over 10 years. The complex is located in a critical condition, fighting for survival in the domestic and foreign markets.
The main reasons: 1) low technological equipment, 2) a general crisis in the country, physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets, and 3) the lack of schemes for the development and deployment of complex as a whole, and 4) the impossibility of rapid development of machinery, not manufactured in the former USSR, 5) limiting demand for products; 6) lack of production flexibility in the transition to a market, 7) the aging workforce.

Prospects output:

1) assistance from the state, attracting investment, both grew up.

And foreign, and

2) restructuring, and

3) faster growth in industries such as machine tools, instrumentation, electrical and electronic industry.

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