Theme 2.3. A metallurgical complex

Structure of a metallurgical complex. Its place and a role in uniform h-vennom country complex. Communication metallurgical industry with other branches. A raw-material base of a metallurgical complex of Russia. The characteristic of metallurgical bases. Features of placing. Problems and prospects of development of a metallurgical complex.
Ferrous metallurgy (ChM) – branch heavy industry, base of development of mechanical engineering and many other branches of plank beds, people managment. It gravitates to large enough sources of raw materials. Bases for a source of raw materials - Kursk magnetic anomaly (KMA), Angarski Krai (BS.) and Mountain Shorija (ZS.). About 80 % of extraction it is carried out in the open method (in large open-cast mines). To 20 % extracted iron ores Russia exports abroad. The largest GOKs: Lebedinsky and Stojlensky – Belgorod, Mihajlovsky – Kursk, Kachkanarsky – Sverdlovsk, Kostomukshsky - Kareliya and Kovdorsky - Murmansk region
2/3 manganous ores of Russia are concentrated in Leninsk-Kuznetsk in Kuzbas. It is planned building of factiry wich will poduce manganous concentrates in Salair of the Kemerovo region But the large part of manganous ore is imported from Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Georgia.
Development power supply sources – coked coals of Pechersky and Kuznetsk coal basins. Metallurgical bases: 1) Central was generated on iron base Ores KMA and ores of the Kolsko-Karelian region. The largest center: Cherepovets, Lipetsk. 2) Ural – now 2/3 requirements for raw materials are satisfied at the expense of ores TsCh and S. Coal – from Kuzbas. The largest enterprise a complete cycle (with S on Yu) – Nizhni Tagil (Sverdlovsk region), Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk (the largest in the Russian Federation and Europe), Novotroitsk (the Orenburg region). 3) Sib. And Far East bases develop on own source of raw materials – Angarski Krai, Mountain Shorii and coal of Kuzbas. The largest center. – Novokuznetsk (the Kemerovo region).
Placing enterprise of ChM a complete cycle (pig-iron steel – hire) depends on raw materials and fuel on which the large part of expenses on pig-iron melts is necessary. Reefficient metallurgy (steel-smelting, steel-rolling, trumpet z-dy) forms in large center mechanical engineering.
Other factors influencing development and placing of a complex: NTP; a trance. The factor; infrastructure development; the ecological factor.
Production. In 2006 Russian Federations took 5 place in the world on production iron ore (after China - 588, Brazil-319, Australia-275 and India-165 of million), extracting 102 million т - approximately 8 % of world production. For 4 years (2000-2004) pr-in ores in the Russian Federation has increased on 12 % at world growth production in 25 %.
On production pig-iron of the Russian Federation 3rd place in the world, after China - 414 and Japan-84 of million т, it was melted in 2006г. 52 million t 5, 9 % world production.
On production the Russian Federation became on 4th place, after China-423, Japan-116 and the USA-99, it was melted in 2006г. 71 million т – 5, 7 % world pr-va. Specific weight of hire flat of the carbonaceous steel, going for export, for 2002-2006 was reduced with 50 to 37 % (ECO, 2007, № 10, p. 3).

Table

Over 90 % of the Russian steel and 95 % of hire it is necessary to 4 ER: 1) At (46 and 47 %,), 2) TsCh (17 and 19 %, accordingly) 3) With (16 and 18 %, accordingly), 4) ЗС (13 %).
Steel production on regions in 2007г. (Million ton ): Chelyabinsk-20, Vologda <12, and Kemerovo-8,5, Lipetsk, Sverdlovsk> 9, Orenburg <4 and the Belgorod-3 million т. In total in these seven regions 90 % of a steel are melted.
Production of pipes: 1) Pervouralsk new trumpet factory (Sverdlovsk area) – pipes in diameter to 219 mm.2) the Incorporated metallurgical company - Vyksunsky metal works (Nizhniy Novgorod region) - pipes of the big diameter – 1420 mm, and also Ry wheels.
Nonferrous metals are subdivided on heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), lungs (aluminium, the titan, magnesium), precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, etc.).
Areas of use of the nonferrous metals extracted in our country, are numerous. Copper is widely applied in mechanical engineering, electro-power and other industries as in the pure state, and in alloys with tin (bronze), aluminium (duralumin), zinc (brass), nickel (cupronickel). Lead goes on production of accumulators, a cable, is used in the nuclear industry. Tin use for manufacturing of a white tin, bearings, etc. Nickel is among some refractory metals. Receive many the most valuable alloys of nickel with other metals. Its significance is great by production of the alloyed steels, and also at drawing of sheetings of metal items etc.
Aluminium is applied in different branches of mechanical engineering, in aircraft construction, E-Technology, and also in building and to production of the consumer goods. Magnesium is applied in a radio engineering, air, chemical, polygraphic and other industries. The titan (extraordinary прочен, racks to effect of acids, has antimagnetic properties) is applied in shipbuilding, and also at manufacturing of jet engines, nuclear reactors etc.
The significance of precious metal - gold on which stocks the Russian Federation takes the third place in the world (and on extraction – 6) is great. Deposits of this metal are concentrated in Siberia and on DV. Silver receive at refinement of heavy metals. It is used and at manufacturing of jewels, and in the industry. Without silver, for example, it is impossible to produce film.
Features of a source of raw materials of nonferrous machine industry (TsM): 1) the lowest contents of useful components in raw materials (1 tons of tin – 300 tons of ores); 2) Multicomponent raw materials; 3) huge fuel - and power consumption of raw materials in the course of processing.
These features influence development and placing of a source of raw materials. Thus enrichment is adhered directly to places of extraction of ores, thus it is connected with consumption of great volumes of water.
Y – the oldest region on production of nonferrous metals (43 % of the refined copper, 65 % of zinc, a significant amount of gold, silver, rare metals are made). It is developed TsM in S and SZ Ayr (aluminium, copper, nickel). The branch in BS and especially in DV is developed.
The aluminium industry uses local and import raw materials. A source of raw materials of Russia (are known 55 m-ny bauxites, but are actively developed only 10) are presented by bauxites which are extracted on Y (Severouralsk, to Suleja) and on SZ (Tikhvin), and BS (Achinsk). On structure bauxites are simple, and nephelines are complex raw materials. The raw materials for the aluminum industry are still imported (both bauxites, and alumina).
Aluminium production breaks up on two stages: reception aluminum oxide (alumina) and melt of pure metal. Almost all aluminium factories (except for Ural) are near to HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION (Volgograd, Volkhov, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk) or the large power installations active on cheap fuel (Novokuznetsk, Achinsk).
More than 75 % of output are necessary nowadays on a share of four large aluminium factories: Brotherly, Krasnoyarsk (world's largest), Sayansk and Novokuznetsk. The basic advantage of Sayansk aluminium factory is technological lead (75 % of aluminium are a high-grade metal). To 90 % of production in 1995 the factory exported. Characteristic feature of the Russian aluminium industry at a present stage is dependence on tolling (production of primary aluminium from foreign raw materials).
The copper industry. More than half of Russian production of copper it is necessary on the Talnahsky deposit (Norilsk of Krasnoyarsk region, BS). Sites of copper ores are in Russia on Y, Krasnouralsky, Revdinsky, Sibajsky, and also the best in the country the Gajsky site (where ores contain on the average 4 % of copper). Working out unique (Udokansky) location of copper ores in Siberia is planned.
Y it is characterised by prevalence of factories of metallurgical repartition (Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Revda, Mednogorsk, etc.) over the enterprises for extraction and enrichment of copper ores. Imported concentrates and half-finished products (basically copper ores from the Kazakhstan sites) are as a result used still.
The enterprises for copper refinement are or there where there is a metallurgical repartition (factories Ural ER), or in areas of mass consumption of finish products (Moscow, St.-Petersburg).
The svintsovo-zinc industry is characterised by more difficult placing of production, but as a whole is dated for areas of distribution and extraction of polymetallic ores. It SK (the Sadonsky site), Kuzbas (the Salairsky site), Transbaikalia (Nerchinsk sites) and Far East Primorski Krai (Dalnegorsk, Crystal). But enrichment of ore and metallurgical repartition often come off from each other (as svintsovo-zinc concentrates contain many useful components and are transportable).
On производствуву svintsovo-zinc concentrates without metallurgical repartition Transbaikalia is allocated; metal lead and zinc concentrates - Kuzbas (Belovo); on lead and zinc melt – SK (Vladikavkaz); on production of metal zinc from imported concentrates - Y (Chelyabinsk).
The nickel industry has had development: in Sowing. ER (Monchegorsk) - on the basis of the reconnoitered nickel sites of the Kola semi-island and copper-nickel concentrates from Norilsk; on Y (Top Ustalej, Orsk, Rezh) - on local and imported raw materials; in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk) - on medno-nickel ores of the Talnahsky site Tajmyrsky autonomous region. The Norilsk GOK gives 95 % of nickel, 54 % of copper of the Russian Federation, and also many rare metals. Physical measures on production of nonferrous metals at us in the country are till now closed.

Table

The best gain since 1990 is observed on production of copper hire, by invariable production only on zinc. As a whole dynamics (change) of production of the basic indicators in nonferrous machine industry it is subject to swings over. For example, only for 1999 production of aluminium hire in the country has increased in 2.6 times, and increase in production of copper hire has increased in 1995г. In 3.1, and in 2001 – in 2.2.

Go to begin