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Types of transport, their classification to destination, to geospheres, message kinds. A Uniform Transport Network, properties and the features of transport considered at placing of productive forces of the country. Classification of properties a transport, region forming role of a transport. Systems. Technical and economic features of various kinds a transport. The factors defining development and placing a transporting systems. The basic regional and interstate goods traffics.

The basic transport knots, central, railroad lines, highways, river and sea pools, ports, the airports, the major main gas pipelines and oil pipelines.

Economic estimation of final results of activity uniform of the transport. Country systems: a cargo and people transportation , a turn of cargo and passengers. A share of various types of transport in these indicators.

Transport provides industrial communications, an exchange of production and moving of the population in city settlements and between various areas of the country, and also foreign trade. Transport is subdivided on overland (railway and automobile), water (sea and river), air, pipeline and electronic. In our country all types of transport are developed.

In 2007 in transportations of all cargoes on a share of three types of transport (railway-41 %, pipeline-11.24 % and automobile-72.6 %) 95 % were necessary almost.

Despite recession of cargo and passenger transportations, the transport share has increased in country gross national product because of growth of tariffs for transportations. As a result of transportation of many kinds of raw materials and production became unprofitable. In last cities variety important for branch of economic and technological indicators, including a condition and quality of road ways has decreased. Reduction of output of transport mechanical engineering (the main diesel locomotives, freight cars, lorries and others) will make the increasing negative impact on a condition of technical park. The basic economic indicators of transport per 1995-2006.

Railway transportation is still a principal transport in Russia. On extent of a railway system the country concedes only the USA. The first railways in Russia have been constructed in the middle of 19 century: in 1851 the first large trunk-railway Moscow – St.-Petersburg has become operational.
For the basic trunk-railways of the European Russia the radial arrangement of the railways converging to Moscow is characteristic.

In Siberia the railway system has basically latitudinal direction. Special value had the building of the Trans-Siberian highway begun in 1892 simultaneously from the West – from Chelyabinsk in Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) – Krasnoyarsk – Irkutsk and from the East – from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk. The through message has been opened on this road in 1916. The line constructed in 1913 Ekaterinburg - Tyumen – Omsk, has provided the second exit from Siberia in the European part of Russia.

Doublers of the Trans-Siberian highway, and first of all the South Siberian road operate also latitudinal: Cartali (station in the Chelyabinsk area) – Akmola – Pavlodar – Barnaul – Artyshta (station at Kemerovo) which in the late fifties – the beginning of 60th years has been continued on the East through Novokuznetsk, Abakan, Taishet, Bratsk to Ust Kut. Even earlier (in 1st world war) the line Semipalatinsk – Barnaul – Novosibirsk (giving vent on the Turkestano-Siberian highway) has been constructed: Meadow (station about Alma-Ata) – Semipalatinsk.
For development of oil and gas deposits of the West of Siberia in 70-80th years large northern railway Tyumen – Surgut – Urengoj and on Jamburg has been constructed further.

In 80th years the Baikal-Amur highway (BAH) was under construction: from Ust Kut (in riverheads Lena, the Irkutsk region) to Komsomolska-on-cupid – 3145 km. On the West the Baikal-Amur Highway is connected to the Trans-Siberian Railway a site Ust Kut – Taishet, and in the east of its continuation the road Komsomolsk-on-cupid – the Soviet Harbour which has been constructed still in 1945.

Changed (after disintegration of the USSR) geopolitical position of Russia has negatively affected realisation of railway communications with foreign countries. Now Russia is connected by the railway with the states East and the Western Europe only through the near abroad countries (Ukraine and Belarus). The railway from Kaliningrad on the West, but the Kaliningrad region - a separate enclave at coast of Baltic sea has a direct exit only. Russia and from a sea railway crossing Ilyichevsk – Varna, remained for Ukraine is cut off nowadays.

Reorientation of rail transportation from Russia in the countries of Europe, for example, through territory of Finland and its ports instead of an exit to ports in the states of Baltic is carried out. Building of the 126-kilometre railway in Kareliya has ended: from station Kotskoma on a highway Moscow - Murmansk to Ledmozero (in the West, to the railway of Finland).

Chances of Finnish dockers also will increase after introduction in operation of a new superfast railway superhighway Moscow-St.-Petersburg which was decided to prolong to Helsinki. The uniform width of a rail track - a reality of a transport network of Russia, Finland and Estonia - defines constructive character of cooperation.

On a trunk-railway of Russia for January, 1st, 2001 extent of the rails defective and developed the resource in the main ways has made more than 10 % of the general extent. In a way it is maintained 9,0 thousand defective arrows (5,0 % from their total number) and 9,0 thousand defective crosspieces (5,2 % from their total number). Rail transportation on regions of 1990-2006 (cards).
Sea transport. Value of sea transport for Russia is defined by its position on coast of the seas of water area of three oceans: Atlantic, Arctic and Silent. Extent of sea borders of Russia about 40 thousand in km.

Use conditions Russia the major ports of the former USSR on Black, Azov, Baltiysk and Caspian the seas, and also on Danube, become foreign for our country have changed.

Russia has 43 basic sea trading ports in which 330 reloading complexes for service of transport fleet with berthing front in length more than 50 km and capacity almost 200 million tons of cargo in cities are maintained. Russia still had 8 shipping companies from 17 former USSR, approximately half of tonnage of a merchant marine fleet. The considerable part of modern courts, tankers is now at the states of Baltic and Ukraine, including the largest ports - in Tallinn, Klaipeda, Riga, Ventspilse, Odessa, etc.

In Kaliningrad there is the Most western port of Russia, one of four and unique nonfreezing on Baltic sea. In Baltiysk (Kaliningrad region) - the main base of the Baltic fleet. In the heart of gulf of Finland the St.-Petersburg and Vyborg ports operate. On Black sea, in Novorossisk, there is a main bulk-oil port of Russia. On sea of Azov there was a unique port - Taganrog. Further from large ports it is possible to name Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Vladivostok, the Find, Vanino. Other ports (them nearby 30) - basically small.

With loss of the Danube fleet trading-transport, passenger and tourist communications of Russia with the Pridunajsky countries are interrupted. Russia has not enough in the Northwest and the South of convenient seaside sites for building of new ports. However building of three ports in gulf of Finland and port on sea of Azov is planned. Value of ports on Pacific ocean and on Northern sea way should increase.

River transport. Our country has a dense river network. Many rivers are navigable. On the end of 2000 in the Russian Federation was 1,7 thousand river moorings of the general using (on the beginning 95 years - 2,4 thousand) with extent of berthing front more than 135 km, from them of 66 % are necessary on cargo moorings (90 km).

The core in Russia is Volga-Kamsky river pool to which economically developed part of the country (40 % of a turnover of goods of river fleet) gravitates. Thanking Volga-Baltic, Belomorsko-Baltic and Volga-Don to ship canals Volga became a core of uniform water system  of european part of Russia, and Moscow - river port of five seas. The major transport rivers of the North of the European part of Russia: Sukhona, Northern Dvina with inflows, Onega, Svir, Neva.
Huge extent of river ways Siberia and the Far East are navigable. The greatest rivers of Russia - the Cupid, Yenisei, Lena, Ob and their inflows here proceed. All of them are used for navigation and a timber-rafting, transportation of the foodstuffs and the industrial goods in the remote areas.

The rivers connect southern areas of the West and Eastern Siberia with the Polar region. Across Ob and Irtysh the Tyumen oil is transported to Omsk and other cities. Ob is navigable throughout 3600 km. Yenisei is navigable on an extent over 3300 km (the navigating period proceeds 4-5 months). Ports of the bottom current of Yenisei - Dudnika and Igarka - are accessible to the sea-crafts following on Northern sea way. The largest reloading points of cargoes from the rivers on the railway - Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk.

Navigation across Lena is carried out on an extent over 4 thousand in km. The Osetrovsky river port (Ust Kut) is connected with the Trans-Siberian highway and is a large reloading point for the cargoes following across Lena.

The major river highway Far East is the Cupid. Navigation is carried out on all extent of the river the Basic cargoes - grain, fish, wood, coal, metals, cars.

Pipeline transport takes very important place in uniform transport system of the country. Its relative density constantly increases in the general turnover of goods.

Placing of lines of pipelines essentially differs from directions railway and highways. It depends on a lay of land that allows to lay them on the shortest way less. This type of transport can function in any climatic and weather conditions, losses at transportation are minimum.

Oil pipelines have appeared in Russia in the beginning the XX-th centuries (Baku-Batumi). Further creation of powerful main oil pipelines has been connected with opening of new oil fields in Volga-Uralsk area, and then in Western Siberia. Pipelines are laid in east (to Baikal), the central, Western areas of Russia and further in the states of Foreign Europe. Along lines of oil pipelines, for many thousands. Kilometres from places of extraction of valuable raw materials.
The first 800-kilometre main gas pipeline (Saratov-Moscow) has been constructed right after the Great Patriotic War (1947). The network of the main gas pipelines has allowed to transfer a number of large electro-stations to gas. Thousand cities and settlements of our country are installed gas (gas is used in the industry and in a life).

Motor transport - the most maneuverable type of transport. The important place in carriages consignments by motor transport belongs in those areas where there are no other types of transport, for example in some areas of Siberia and DV. And also it has advantage in transit of consignments and passengers on short distances.

The significance of motor transport in service of the industry and agricultural, commercial network and building is great. This type of transport ensures in wide scales passenger transportation, especially local.

For the minimum satisfaction of social and economic requirements of regions it is required not less than 1,5 million in km of roads or twice more than is present. Now 34,5 % of rural settlements Russian Federations have no roads with a firm cover for communication with a network of means of communication of common use. In essence many inhabitants have no reliable departure even in the regional centres.

See more in detail about prospects of a construction of roads in a countryside M.K.Shishkov . The territorial system of Russia: problems and prospects. – the monography, Samara, 2009. – chapter 7. Administrative areas and a countryside of Russia.
Even at comparison with road system of the countries of "near abroad" (the former republics USSR) it is received that Russia takes the last place - 24 km of roads on 1000 км* territories (nearby on the given indicator only Turkmenia and Kazakhstan). The states of Baltic 300-330 km, Azerbaijan and Moldova - on 290 km on 1000 km2 have their territories.

On level of security a road network of territory of Russia it is possible to divide into three zones. It is European - with rather developed network of roads (more than 100 km on 1000 км* or only 1 m on 1 hectare of the area) (see a map). As a rule, a city with the regional centre are connected by roads with a firm cover. Further the Southern zone - in not developed and a local area network (about 40 km on 1.000 km2) And the third zone – Sowing. (Including almost all Siberia and DV) is a continuous impassability. Motor transport is presented by cross-country vehicles which do not require roads. And present roads are used seasonally. The truth and edges here basically the deserted.

Air transport - the most expensive type of transport, but at the same time the fastest. The air-line first in Russia has been opened in 1923 (Moscow-Nizhni Novgorod).
Now it is widely developed a network of the airlines connecting major industrial centre of the country, and also capital of Russia - Moscow - with capitals of the CIS countries, capitals and cities of many states of the world. The air communication between big cities and resorts is developed. Moscow with several aviaports - Vnukovo, the Sheremetyevo, Vnykovo, Domodedovo - became main knot of air-lines of all country.

The all-important role is played by an air transport for areas S, Siberia and DV, the kilometres removed for thousand from the centre of the country and often inaccessible to other types of transport.

Except carriage consignments (about 2 million tonn in a year) and passengers, planes and helicopters of civil aircraft are used in different branches of a national economy: for air photography, at realisation of design and exploration work, in agricultural, at suppression of forest fires, etc.

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. : : © M. K. Shishkov, M. Y. Kormushin , 2002-2009 : : .