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Single national economic complex (ENHK) of the country, its sectoral and territorial structure. Evaluation of structural changes and trends in the distribution of industries in the zones and economic areas of the country: the mining and manufacturing, heavy, light and food industries; Group A and Group B; old developed areas and areas of new development, European and eastern zones of the country. The list of main town and gradoobsluzhivayuschih industries in accordance with the classifier.
The historical stages and the factors determining changes in the sectoral and territorial structure. Classification of industries in areas of activity. The essence of the energy-production cycle and its components.
General scheme of development and deployment of productive forces, its essence. The role of the General Scheme of the development and deployment of productive forces in a market economy.
The forms of territorial organization of industrial production: industrial zones, areas, agglomeration, industrial sites, points, points, clusters, Scientific Basis of their formation. The economic essence of clusters, the typology of district facilities. The most important clusters of European and eastern zones of the country their industry specialization. Concepts: Single Industry, multi-clusters, their components, subcomplexes.
Largest industrial agglomeration of Russia, their place in the territorial and federal division of labor. Principles and methods of study specialization and integrated regional development in transitional economies.
Classification of industries according to the factors accommodation (raw materials, labor, consumer). Indicators of determining the location of branch complex in ENHK country.
The objectives of further improving the distribution of productive forces in the country as a whole and by region; management of natural resources, ecology distribution of productive forces, including by limiting the growth of large cities, ensuring dynamic development of sectors of production and nonproduction areas.
The economy is ENHK, which is a system of all industries that are closely interrelated. Branches of the economy in terms of the nature of the social division of labor and participation in the creation of the gross national product and national income are divided into the sphere of material production and non-productive sphere.
Until 1.01.2003 in Russia acted National Classification of the national economy (OKONH), approved by RF Government Resolution dated 11.1.1999, the number 1212 on the development of a unified system of classification and coding of technical, economic and social information. "
By the sphere of material production are all activities that create wealth in the form of food, energy, form handling, food storage, sorting, packaging and other functions that are a continuation of production in the sphere of circulation.
Other activities in which material wealth is not created, taken together, form a non-productive sphere of activity. Such a grouping of the national economy is necessary for proper determination of the social product and national income distribution, redistribution and use, the balance sheet of labor resources as well as for the establishment of the people - economic proportions, and determining the economic efficiency of public pr-va.
The sphere of material production includes the following sectors of the economy and business activities (the proportion of employed in the economy in 1970, 1990 and 2001, in %):
1) Industry-33-30-23;
2) agriculture-19-13-13;
3) Forestry-0, 4-0, 3-0, 4;
4) Fisheries
5) Transportation-7, 5-6, 6-6, 5, and communication-1, 3-1, 2-1, 4;
6) Building-8, 7-12-7, 6;
7) Trade and public catering-7, 5-7, 8-15;
8) Procurement and Sales
9) Billets
For non-production sphere:
1) Housing and Communal Services
2) Non-productive types of consumer services 1) 2) = 3, 1-4, 3-5, 2;
3) Health, physical culture and social welfare-4, 7-5, 6-7, 0;
4) Education 6, 6-7, 9-9, 0;
5) Art and Culture-1, 1-1, 7-1, 8;
6) Science and Scientific Services-3, 3-3, 7-1, 9;
7) Finance, credit, insurance-0, 4-0, 5-1, 2
8) A pension 8) Office-1, 7-2, 1-4, 5;
9) Public associations
10) Information - computer services
11) Real Estate Transactions
12) Total commercial activities on the functioning of the market
13) Geology and prospecting, geodesic and hydro-meteorological stations
14) Other activities of material production.
In accordance with the above decision of the Government of Russia this classifier is to be replaced on the National Classification of Economic Activities approved by Decision of the State Standard of Russia from 06.11.2001 year’s № 454-st. This classifier consists of a 17-year sections:
A. Agriculture, hunting and forestry
B. Fishing, fish farming
C. Mining
D. Manufacturing
E. Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
F. Construction
G. Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, household goods and personal items
H. Hotels and restaurants
I. Transport
J. Finance
K. Real estate, renting and services
L. Public administration and military security, compulsory social security
M. Education
N. Health and social services
O. Providing other community, social and personal services
P. Provision of services in the household
Q. Activities of extraterritorial organizations
For the current state of Russia is characterized by inter-industry complexes (TAC, metallurgical, chemical, forestry, construction, agriculture, transport), each of which has its own complex system.
Under the territorial structure refers to the division of the national economy on the territorial cells - zones, areas of different ranks, industrial centers, nodes. It varies much more slowly than the industry, its elements are strongly attached to the territory. Development of new land with unique resources contributes to the formation of new regions and changes the structure of individual territories.
Signs of the industry - the appointment of products, raw material used, technique and technology of production, factors of placement.
Different sectors of the economy (in the old textbooks - the economy) and the industry.
Territorial organization of industry has the following form:
Territorial production complex: a combination of interlinked and interdependent sectors of material production in a particular area, which is part of ENHK RF. Examples WPK:
Timan-Pechora (Komi Republic and Nenets Autonomous District of Arkhangelsk Region, northern economic region);
Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (Belgorod and Kursk region Central Black Earth economic district);
Western Siberia (Tyumen, Omsk and Tomsk region, West Siberian economic region);
KAFEC (Krasnoyarsk region, East Siberian economic district);
Sayan (Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Region, East Siberian economic district)
Bratsk-Ust-Ilim (Irkutsk Region, East Siberian economic district)
Yuzhno-Yakutsk (Yakutia, Far Eastern Economic Region).
Industrial sites - economically sound and cohesive combination in a particular area businesses and institutions and non-productive sphere, ensuring the unity and integrated development of the territory (Togliatti-Zhigulevsky);
Industrial districts: a) integrated area with a preponderance of the industrial production as the principal branch of industrial specialization (Nizhnekamky, Tatarstan Volga economic region), b) Industrial District, formed by the combination of production and business relationships of any one or more industries (Kuzbass, Kemerovo region, West Siberian economic region);
Industrial centers - towns in which the industry is the main city-base and the main branch of specialization (Chapaevsk);
Industrial settlements - settlements that have arisen in the factories that do not have close economic ties with the surrounding territory (Pokhvistnevo, Neftegorsk);
Agglomeration - Cluster settlements, especially cities, in which industrial enterprises play the main role of main town (Samara-Togliatti, Nizhny Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk, Saratov, Engels).
The ultimate goal of all forms of territorial organization of the industry lies in their improvement, evidence-based deployment across the country, getting the maximum impact with minimum cost.
The indicators for where the industry complex in a single national economic complex of the country are the specific weight or percentage of the industry in the amount of output (gross domestic product), fixed assets, in the employed population (see above for branches of production and neproizvoizvodstvennoy sphere).
On the change in value of ER in the industry of the country can be judged by indices of production in 1999% to 1990, Mr. ode (in descending order): C-65, P-57, TSCH-58, AP-53, VS-52, BB-50 , RF-50, U-45, IR-43, C-41, SE-38, SC-40.
The tasks of further improvement are: 1) comprehensive development and specialization of regions, and 2) scientific justification for allocation of productive forces in the country as a whole, including in the context of regions, and 3) management of natural resources, 4) the greening of placing of productive forces, including by limiting the growth of large city; 5) to ensure dynamic development of sectors of production and nonproduction areas.
Materials on the topic:
1. The newspaper "Geography". I'm going on a geography lesson. Topic:
2. Morozova TG, Pobedina NP, Shishov SS Economic Geography of Russia. Textbook for universities. - Moscow: UNITY. - 527s. (figures are obsolete - use only the definitions and formulas):
"Chapter 1. Sectoral structure of Russia's economic and sectoral economic justification methods of locating production.
Economy of Russia is a complex economic mechanism, which was formed on the basis of socio-economic development, inter-territorial division of labor and integration processes.
The economic positions of Russia in the international community significantly weakened as a result of the crisis processes emerging to mid-1980 and transformed into an open economic and social crisis in the early 1990's, as well as in connection with the collapse of the Soviet Union, contributed to breaking the economic and technological ties with the former Soviet republics and changes in the geopolitical situation.
An integral parameter for evaluating the economic development of the state is the gross domestic product, which characterizes the level of economic development, especially its structure, the functioning of individual industries, the degree of participation of countries in the world integration processes.
Aggregate gross domestic product characterizes the value of goods and services produced in the country by all sectors of the economy and destined for final consumption, savings and exports.
...
1.1. The structure of economic complex.
Single economic complex of the country before the sectoral, inter-sectoral and territorial entities.
Industry structure - a collection of branches of economic complex, characterized by certain proportions and relationships. In terms of sectoral structure of the single economic complex is represented by two areas: material production (industrial area) and non-material production (non-production sphere).
The basis of a single national economic complex is the sphere of material production, which employs 64.8% of the total number of people employed in all spheres of economic activity.
The product scope includes:
1. Branches of creating wealth - industry, agriculture, construction.
2. Businesses that deliver tangible benefits to the consumer, transportation and communications.
3. The industries associated with the production process in the sphere of circulation, - trade, catering, logistics, sales, purchasing.
Non-production sphere consists of the following industries:
1. Branches of services, which include: housing and utilities, consumer services, transport and communications related to public service.
2. Branches of social services - health, physical education, social welfare.
3. Education, culture, art.
4. Science and scientific services.
5. Loans, finance and insurance.
6. Apparatus government.
7. Other industry.
For the present structure, Russia's economy feature is the presence of not only industry but also inter-industry complexes. Increasingly, the process of strengthening production linkages, integration of the different stages of production. Intra-production (complexes) arise and develop within a given sector of the economy, and between industries, with close technological ties. Formed such cross-industry complexes, as fuel and energy, metallurgical, chemical and forestry, construction, agribusiness, transport. More complex structure of different agro-industrial and building complexes, including various branches of the economy.
In the formation and development of market relations is becoming increasingly important infrastructure. Infrastructure - a collection of material resources to ensure production and welfare needs. Depending on the functions performed allocate production and social infrastructure.
The industrial infrastructure continues the process of production in the sphere of circulation and creates new value. It includes transportation, communications, storage and packing facilities, logistics, engineering, construction, heating, plumbing, communications and online gas and oil pipelines, irrigation systems, etc.
Social infrastructure includes passenger transport, communications system for public service, public utilities in urban and rural settlements.
Infrastructure plays an important role not only in ensuring the effective production process, but also the development of social and domestic sphere of the population, as well as the development of integrated national economy and in the development of new territories.
Of a market economy in Russia is accompanied by the development of market infrastructure. Being developed Commodity and stock exchanges, commercial banks.
1.2. Methods of sectoral distribution of production feasibility.
Modern industry is characterized by high levels of specialization. As a result of deepening social division of labor emerged many sectors, industries and types of production, taken together, form a branch structure of industry. Industry specialization and determine the economic profile of regions.
No definition specializing branches is a part of the work associated with the area's economy. For this purpose, should be used theoretically valid indicators that are closely linked with other indicators of the territorial division of labor. Since the basis of market specialization is the territorial division of social labor, hence the definition of specialized industries should be based on the identification of the stake Area in the social division of labor.
To quantify the level of specialization of economic regions used indicators such as the coefficient of localization, the coefficient of per capita production and the rate of interregional marketing.
> coefficient of localization of production in the region to the n - is the ratio of the share of the industry in the structure of production area to the relative weight of the same industry in the country. Calculations are made on the gross, commodity products, fixed assets and number of industrial personnel
> coefficient of per capita production of K d calculated the ratio of the share of branches of the district in the corresponding structure of the industry of the country to the specific gravity of the district in the country's population
> coefficient K Interdistrict marketability mt is calculated as the ratio of export from the area of the product to its production area nomu
> To define a market sector expertise is used as the index method proposed by VV. Kistanova.
If the calculated rate is greater than or equal to unity, then consequently, these industries appear as the industry market specialization. Calculations show that the sectors with the largest weightings in the structure of industrial production in the country have the greatest figures from the coefficients of specialization, localization and per capita production.
One of the main criteria for distribution of branches in a particular area is an indicator of their economic efficiency. As a criterion of the effectiveness of locating production in the general procedure SOPS at the Ministry of Economy of Russia was adopted by the enrollment in the planned volumes of products with the lowest aggregate national economic costs. As recommended performance facility location established: the cost of production in view of its delivery to the consumer, capital investment per unit of power and profit. From compares the best - is at least reduced costs, ie cost of production plus the product of specific investments and sectoral regulatory factor of their relative effectiveness (overall coefficient - 0,15, a regulatory term payback 7 years or 0,12 - 8,3 years).
> indicator of economic efficiency of production location is also determined by using the indicators of profitability P
Profitability index shows the ratio of profit from sales to capital investment or fixed assets. From these formulas it follows that the value of profitability depends not only on the size of current and recurrent costs, but also on the level of prices for products.
Along with these figures for each branch of production, a system of technical and economic performance of its placement. It includes: a) the unit cost of basic raw materials, fuel, heat and electricity and water per unit of finished product; b) Output of industrial waste (per unit) and their characteristics, c) labor cost per unit of output, d) unit cost assets.
Importance to justify the location of production workers have the security of fixed productive assets, power equipment, etc.
Using performance management placement facilitates optimal proportions between sectors and industries. When selecting the most optimal variant of the industrial facilities must take into account the influence of several factors - material, transportation and consumer. Thus, in the extractive industries and the primary role played by stocks of resources, their quality and transport conditions, level of scientific and technological progress.
For many manufacturing industries, it is important to consider when placing the influence of the dominant factors in their totality. Thus, the energy appears as the main factor in the distribution of production of synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, plastics, resins, as well as non-ferrous metals, especially aluminum, magnesium, nickel.
Many manufacturing industries oriented to raw factor - this is black metal, heavy metal consuming machinery, production of mineral fertilizers, cement, glass, sugar, pulp and paper. In their production of raw materials is several times the weight of the finished product.
The complexity as the main factor taken into account when placing machine tools, instrumentation, electrical and radio industries, as well as textile, clothing, footwear, knitwear.On the consumer factor oriented refining industry, rubber, brick, agricultural machinery, bakery, confectionery, dairy, meat.
Large influence on the distribution of industries along with having a dominant factor, and others, such as the steel industry a full cycle - raw materials and fuel and energy factors.
It is especially important when placing all sectors to take into account the environmental factor.
Chapter 2. Industry Russia, its form of territorial organization.
E conomic reform in Russia since January 1992, changed the political and economic situation.The process of establishing a market economy proceeds painful. Despite the considerable economic difficulties, Russia's joining the market is irreversible. Effective demand is increasingly becoming a regulator of production. Establish a qualitatively new relationship between producers. Is forming a mixed economy, covering a large number of private, mixed and other forms of enterprises.
Industry - an important part of a single economic complex of Russia. It accounts for 1 / 4 of gross domestic product. The leading role of industry in Russia's economy is determined primarily by the fact that, supplying all sectors of the economy tools and new materials, it is the most active factor in the scientific and technological progress and the expanded reproduction as a whole. Among other branches farming industry stands form complexes and areas functions.
Growth, development level and structure of the industry - the most important indicators not only quantitative but also qualitative characteristics of the national economy and living standards. The degree of industrial development depends on the technical level of production, farm structures, territorial organization. During the years of Soviet power priority development sectors of heavy industry has identified the level of economic and military potential. Heavy industry was focused on the development of military-industrial complex, rather than on economic growth of industries producing consumer goods. This has led to fundamental changes in the structure of industrial production. The share of branches of heavy industry reached in 1997, 2 / 3 the volume of industrial production. Over the past years of reform, significant changes in the sectoral structure of the industrial complex is not observed.
Industry of Russia has a complex and diversified diversified structure, reflecting changes in the development of productive forces, the improvement of the territorial division of social labor-related scientific and technical progress.
Modern industry is characterized by high levels of specialization. As a result of deepening social division of labor emerged many sectors, industries and types of production, taken together, form a branch structure of industry.
Sectoral structure of industry is determined by many social and economic factors, the main ones are: the level of production, technological progress, socio-historical conditions, the production skills of the population, natural resources. The most important factor determining changes in the sectoral structure of industry, advocate scientific and technological progress and its main areas - automation and mechanization of production, improving technology, specialization and co-production. Changing and improving the sectoral structure of industry under the impact of scientific and technical progress is continuous.
Industry in its development has come a long way to go. It currently has more than 134 sub-industries. In the current classification of industries identified 11 integrated industries.
Scientific and technological progress has had a particularly strong influence on industrial structure engineering, which have been developed in industries such as electric power, instrument with sub-branches: production of computer equipment, computers, instruments, control and management of complex manufacturing processes, robots, etc. Created a new sub-industry in the metallurgical, chemical and other industries. New branches of industry - microbiology, space, etc.
The industry is divided into mining and manufacturing. By the extractive industries include industries related to mining and enrichment of ore and non-metallic minerals, as well as marine animals, catch fish and other marine products.
For manufacturing companies are processing products of extractive industries, intermediate products and processing of agricultural products.
Manufacturing industries form the basis of heavy industry. During the period of economic reforms, there are substantial changes in the structure of the extractive and manufacturing industries. Focusing on the development of extractive industries has boosted the share of extractive industries
In economic purpose products the entire industry is divided into two major categories: production of capital goods (group A) and production of consumer goods (group B). It should be noted that the division of industries into groups A and B does not coincide with the sectoral structure of industrial production, as the natural form of output does not determine its economic purpose.
Since the products of many companies can be used for both industrial and non-productive consumption, and it belongs to the Group A or Group B depending on the actual use.
The division of industries in group A and group B to determine the natural-material composition of output, to calculate the share of each of these groups in the total industrial production and on this basis that the right balance between production of capital goods and production of consumer goods.
The long period of extensive development of industry through involvement in the production of additional resources (material and labor), as well as the militarization of the economy contributed to the widening disparities between the major groups.
2.1. The forms of territorial organization of industry
The spatial combination of industries and individual enterprises formed under the influence of many factors. These include the provision of mineral raw materials, fuel and energy, material, labor. The factors are closely linked, providing a definite impact on the distribution of enterprises and sectors of the economy.
The importance of various factors influenced by scientific and technological progress. Thus, the development of electron transport reduces the impact of the fuel factor in the placement of the heat and energy-intensive industries, and the development of bezdomennoy metallurgy - the dependence of the production of fuel and water resources.
In the process of locating production have developed various forms of territorial organization.Allocate large economic zones, industrial areas, industrial agglomerations and industrial sites, industrial centers and industrial centers.
For the analysis and synthesis of territorial economic proportions of the economy, identifying the main directions of distribution of productive forces throughout the country on long-term period to allocate large economic zone. They represent a large territorial entities with characteristic natural and economic conditions of development of productive forces. On the territory of Russia have identified two major economic zones: Western, which includes the regions of European part of Russia and the Urals and Eastern, which includes the territory of Siberia and the Far East. For western zone is characterized by the scarcity of fuel and energy and water resources, the high concentration of industrial production, the vast development of manufacturing industries. For Eastern Economic Zone is characterized by the predominance of extractive industries, the existence of large stockpiles of fuel and energy and mineral resources, poorly developed area. Such a selection of major economic zones adopted in the analysis and identification of promising economic proportions of territorial economic complex of the country.
The structure of the major economic zones are industrial areas. They represent large areas of relatively homogeneous environmental conditions, with the typical trends of development of productive forces, with the corresponding existing logistical base, industrial and social infrastructure.
Under the industrial agglomeration understand territorial and economic education, characterized by a high level of territorial concentration of enterprises of different economic sectors, infrastructure facilities and academic institutions, as well as high population density. Economic prerequisite for the development of industrial agglomeration are the advantages inherent in this form of placement:
• high level of concentration and diversification of production, which accounts for its maximum effectiveness,
• the most effective use of systems of production and social infrastructure.
Placing a group of enterprises of different economic sectors on a compact territory leads to a reduction in the territory necessary for the construction industry average of 30% compared to their dispersal accommodation, a 3% reduced the estimated construction cost by 25% - the number of buildings and structures. Save up to 20% of the cost of common facilities by creating a single object, an auxiliary utility, industrial and social infrastructure.
For large industrial agglomerations, are Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl, etc. However, the excessive development of industrial agglomerations, as well as the concentration of production, can have a negative impact, significantly reduce the economic effect. Primarily this is related to environmental issues, development of social sphere.
The industrial site is considered as a group of industries, compactly located in a small area. Its main features are: participation in the system of territorial division of labor of the country, production links between enterprises, a common system of settlement, social and technical infrastructure. Modern industrial units are planned and developed not as a stand-alone industrial centers, as well as elements of the decomposed spatial patterns of clusters. Growing up in a coherent combination of production and the creation of nodal infrastructure facilities, industrial sites represent a qualitatively new phenomenon in the regulated development of the territorial structure of the economy. The retreat from the principle of integrated area development, the predominance of departmental approaches lead to the appearance of abnormal forms of unsustainable location, disparities in development between the branches of market specialization, complexing industries and services, reduce the efficiency of the industrial site.Have been developing such forms of territorial organization of the economy as in the old industrial areas, such as Zheleznogorsk associated with the extraction and enrichment of iron ore KMA, Cheboksary, which contributed to the development of Cheboksary hydroelectric station, the tractor plant, chemical plant soputstvuyuschi to the production, both in areas of new development - Sayanogorsk that is formed on the basis of the electricity generated by the Sayan-Shushenskaya and Mainsk hydro and energy-intensive industries.
Companies industrial centers in the majority do not have the technological links between them.This placement reduces the possibility of development cooperation, and, consequently, the efficiency of growth of the industrial center. Examples serve the regional centers.
Industrial items are represented by one or more by core production of one or several branches of economic complex with single-industry structure of the economy (small and medium-sized cities).
One of the progressive forms of territorial organization of industry at the present stage is the combination of production: the enterprise, forming the complex, have strong technological, economic and organizational communication. Industrial plants have a wide mi opportunities for deep processing of raw materials and recycling of industrial waste, which not only increases their efficiency, but also creates conditions for the organization of waste prevention, cleaner production technology, virtually harmless to the environment. The combination of production is widely used in heavy industry (metallurgy, chemical, wood), light (textile) and the food industry.Substantial economic effect given industrial plants established on the basis of complex integrated circuits using mineral resources, and provided by enterprises of different economic sectors (forming gas chemical complexes, the combination of ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, the chemical production, etc.). The economic effect of combining the results achieved in those economies in raw materials, electricity, heat, reduce capital costs and reduce the cost of production. The mills compared with individual enterprises provide a reduction in capital investments to 30-35% and reduce product cost by 20-25%.
The formation of market relations in Russia is not only the diversity of ownership - state, cooperative, joint stock, rent and private, but also new forms of industrial integration. One of these forms is the holding company. This - a new form of industrial integration mostly joint-stock companies with participation of state capital at both the federal and regional. The holding company may include joint ventures and foreign firms. Interested companies and firms combine some of their stakes in charter capital and create a head company (holding), which becomes a public company, mostly open.
Industrial holding company is a group of technology-related businesses located in a particular territory. Merge enterprises, and joint investment of production, boosting output, sales, reduces the likelihood of bankruptcy of enterprises, PCCs are largely based on fuel and commodity producing sectors, mainly in areas of the European North and Siberia. An example of a holding of the oil company is Lukoil. Holding represents a new form of governance and regional integration industry.
Another form is the financial and industrial enterprises (TFG), which combine industrial production and the banks. TFG - is a voluntary alliance of industrial and financial autonomous economic facilities.
The development of market relations necessitated a new system of investment industry that led to the formation of new integrated structures capable of self-development in modern economic conditions. One of these systems are the financial-industrial groups (FIGs). The main function of their creation - Skye technological or economic integration for the implementation of investment projects and programs aimed at improving the efficiency of production, create jobs, increase competitiveness and expand markets for goods and services. First registered financial-industrial group was FPG Ural Plants "in 1993
One of the new forms have been developed in recent decades is the development of techno and parks. They are formed in regions characterized by the presence of those elements of the productive forces, which relate to the innovation economy: high-tech enterprises, research institutions, universities and other centers of training highly qualified specialists, information and communication structures. It is important not only to their concentration in a particular region, but also the interaction of these structures, which provides the most benefits their development.In modern conditions the creation of techno parks and is one of the main lines of programs for sustainable economic development of regions specializing in the development of knowledge-intensive industries, are currently in a state of stagnation. The peculiarity of techno and parks is also in the fact that they are both included in the local, regional, country and world systems and their development is based on already established as a scientific, educational, industrial capacity and the ability to generate new scientific ideas.
Technology parks are created in regions with high levels of economic development and scientific and technological capacity and associated primarily with the development of new technologies.Ability to create parks, their specialization and the nature of the formation are determined by factors such as features of their deployment in the region and the situation in the national economy.
Technology parks and techno to create the most effective in a concentration of major research centers and universities, renowned for its scientific traditions and modern training base near the large industrial enterprises and in concentrations of highly qualified specialists, in areas with developed transport infrastructure, high cul ¬ perature level of the population and areas with favorable natural and climatic conditions. This industrial park should be no more than 30 minutes drive from the city, occupy a limited area.
The basic structural element Technopolis is an integrated scientific and technical staff, created for specific product and includes the staff of one or more universities, research institutes, SKB domestic or foreign cooperative enterprises, small innovative firms, commercial banks, which will provide the means to voice ¬ predicated, and to cooperate decision tasks. In the establishment and operation of production structures involved the administration of industrial park, the local (regional) administration, interested companies and financial institutions.